Table 3. Geometric Mean Ratios (and 95% CI) of POP Concentrations in Blubber Biopsies of Gray Whales across Biological Variables Including Sex, Age, and Reproductive Parameters as well as Calving Season (January–April Assumes Continuous Trend between Months)^a,d.

	adult M vs F	immature M vs F	M adult vs immature	F adult vs immature	mothers vs resting F	mothers vs calves	January–April mothers	January–April calves
	n = 82	n = 35	n = 45	n = 72	n = 52	n = 55	n = 21	n = 29
PCB52	1.99b	0.79	3.85c	1.54b	0.54c	1.24	1.24	1.20
	(1.49–2.65)	(0.58–1.09)	(2.89–5.13)	(1.12–2.11)	(0.37–0.79)	(0.88–1.75)	(0.85–1.80)	(0.95–1.52)
PCB95	1.96b	0.79	3.91c	1.57b	0.58b	1.31	1.31	1.15
	(1.45–2.66)	(0.55–1.12)	(2.86–5.35)	(1.11–2.21)	(0.37–0.89)	(0.88–1.96)	(0.85–2.04)	(0.90–1.48)
PCB99	2.35b	0.72	6.13c	1.87b	0.40c	1.36	1.26	1.24
	(1.65–3.35)	(0.48–1.08)	(4.37–8.62)	(1.23–2.82)	(0.26–0.63)	(0.92–2.00)	(0.83–1.90)	(0.91–1.69)
PCB101	1.85b	0.74	4.31c	1.73b	0.53c	1.43b	1.22	1.18
	(1.41–2.43)	(0.54–1.03)	(3.27–5.68)	(1.26–2.37)	(0.37–0.77)	(1.03–1.99)	(0.84–1.76)	(0.94–1.48)
PCB118	2.00b	0.72	5.53c	1.98b	0.39c	1.42	1.26	1.23
	(1.43–2.81)	(0.48–1.06)	(3.96–7.71)	(1.34–2.94)	(0.26–0.60)	(0.96–2.08)	(0.84–1.89)	(0.92–1.64)
PCB138	2.09b	0.69	6.60c	2.20b	0.36c	1.53b	1.20	1.22
	(1.47–2.98)	(0.46–1.05)	(4.71–9.26)	(1.45–3.33)	(0.23–0.54)	(1.06–2.21)	(0.85–1.70)	(0.93–1.59)
PCB149	2.30b	0.72	6.39c	2.00b	0.44c	1.51b	1.23	1.21
	(1.63–3.23)	(0.48–1.07)	(4.51–9.07)	(1.36–2.93)	(0.29–0.67)	(1.05–2.19)	(0.83–1.80)	(0.91–1.60)
PCB153	2.22b	0.68	7.38c	2.27b	0.34c	1.55b	1.17	1.22
	(1.54–3.20)	(0.45–1.04)	(5.17–10.55)	(1.49–3.45)	(0.22–0.52)	(1.07–2.24)	(0.84–1.65)	(0.92–1.62)
PCB187	1.95b	0.68	7.49b	2.60b	0.40c	1.93b	1.20	1.20
	(1.29–2.96)	(0.42–1.10)	(4.80–11.71)	(1.66–4.09)	(0.24–0.66)	(1.21–3.09)	(0.75–1.92)	(0.88–1.63)
p,p′-DDD	2.03b	0.73	4.92c	1.77b	0.34c	1.18	1.21	1.12
	(1.39–2.98)	(0.50–1.08)	(3.53–6.86)	(1.16–2.70)	(0.21–0.55)	(0.80–1.73)	(0.81–1.80)	(0.88–1.43)
p,p′-DDE	2.87b	0.62	11.72c	2.51b	0.12c	1.07	1.10	1.18
	(1.61–5.12)	(0.36–1.05)	(7.35–18.68)	(1.35–4.70)	(0.07–0.23)	(0.70–1.65)	(0.79–1.53)	(0.90–1.55)
α-CHLOR	1.08	0.91	1.06	0.90	2.33b	1.47	1.14	1.08
	(0.73–1.59)	(0.62–1.35)	(0.71–1.59)	(0.62–1.30)	(1.38–3.93)	(0.97–2.23)	(0.73–1.80)	(0.80–1.44)
c-Nona	2.15b	0.81	3.74c	1.42b	0.58c	1.16	1.15	1.16
	(1.60–2.88)	(0.58–1.13)	(2.72–5.13)	(1.04–1.92)	(0.40–0.84)	(0.86–1.57)	(0.83–1.59)	(0.91–1.48)
HPE	1.73b	0.87	1.73b	0.87	0.84	0.86	1.04	1.09
	(1.36–2.21)	(0.68–1.11)	(1.32–2.26)	(0.70–1.08)	(0.63–1.11)	(0.67–1.11)	(0.79–1.37)	(0.92–1.30)
oxychlor	3.11b	0.73	5.17c	1.21	0.40c	0.85	1.09	1.16
	(2.13–4.54)	(0.49–1.09)	(3.56–7.51)	(0.81–1.81)	(0.25–0.64)	(0.57–1.28)	(0.75–1.58)	(0.82–1.65)
t-Nona	2.40c	0.85	3.88c	1.37b	0.67b	1.19	1.13	1.20
	(1.79–3.23)	(0.64–1.12)	(2.87–5.25)	(1.04–1.80)	(0.49–0.93)	(0.93–1.53)	(0.85–1.50)	(0.97–1.48)
HCB	1.49	1.10	0.92	0.68b	1.35	0.74b	0.93	1.19
	(0.98–2.26)	(0.73–1.68)	(0.58–1.47)	(0.48–0.98)	(1.00–1.80)	(0.57–0.97)	(0.78–1.10)	(0.98–1.44)
α-HCH	0.92	1.03	0.65b	0.72b	1.34	0.84	0.97	1.06
	(0.64–1.34)	(0.78–1.36)	(0.44–0.95)	(0.55–0.94)	(0.93–1.91)	(0.59–1.19)	(0.68–1.38)	(0.89–1.26)
β-HCH	2.48c	0.84	2.57c	0.86	0.57c	0.71b	0.98	1.18
	(1.91–3.22)	(0.63–1.10)	(1.96–3.35)	(0.66–1.12)	(0.43–0.74)	(0.56–0.89)	(0.81–1.19)	(0.93–1.49)

^aGray whales sampled between 2003 and 2017 along the west coast of North America. All related and nonrelated mothers and calves were included. Resting female refers to adult female without a calf and expected to be not pregnant. Immature refers to calves and juveniles.

^bNominal significance corresponds to CI excluding 1 (p < 0.05).

^cBonferroni significant based on 1-degree-of-freedom F test for (e^∧b) – 1 = 0 (p < 0.0003).

^dM = male, F = female.