TABLE 4.

Main components present in cinnamon and their mechanisms of action.

Cinnamon oil	Structure	Molecular formula	Effect	Mechanism
Cinnamaldehyde		C9H8O https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cinnamaldehyde	Anti- lipidemic and anti-hyperglycemic	1. Improvement in enzyme activity, including those directly engaged in glucose metabolism and those involved in excretion (Stevens and Allred, 2022)
Eugenol		C10H12O2 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Eugenol	Anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory	2. Altering ghrelin secretion and their effects on food intake and gastric emptying (Anand et al., 2010)
Beta-caryophyllene		C15H24 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/beta-Caryophyllene	Anti-hyperglycemic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipidemic	3. Providing sympathetic actions; increased noradrenaline and thermogenic action (Saito et al., 2015)
Gallic acid		C7H6O5 https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gallic-acid	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer (Fernandes and Salgado, 2016)	4. Boosting insulin sensitivity through increasing insulin receptor mRNA and protein expression (IR) (Mani et al., 2021)
				5. Enhancing the expression of proteins involved in glucose transport (Stevens and Allred, 2022)
				6. Acting as a-glycosidase inhibitors (Singh et al., 2016)
				7. Protecting β-cells by alleviating hyperglycemia (Basha and Sankaranarayanan, 2016)