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. 2022 Nov 24;7:995318. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.995318

Table 4.

Depressiveness, anxiety, and loneliness of men and women living and not living at-risk-of-poverty (N = 8,100).

T1 T2
At-risk-of-poverty Not at-risk-of-poverty At-risk-of-poverty Not at-risk-of-poverty
(N = 342) (N = 7,758) (N = 342) (N = 7,758)
M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p
Depressiveness 5.14 (4.45) 4.31 (3.84) 0.000 5.04 (4.77) 4.23 (3.94) 0.000
Anxiety 0.94 (1.25) 0.74 (1.06) 0.000 1.01 (1.28) 0.74 (1.10) 0.000
Loneliness 3.91 (2.71) 3.57 (2.43) 0.012 4.27 (2.76) 3.92 (2.55) 0.014
Respondents at-risk-of-poverty over time Respondents not at-risk-of-poverty over time
T1 T2 T1 T2
M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p
Depressiveness 5.14 (4.45) 5.04 (4.77) 0.007 4.31 (3.84) 4.23 (3.94) 0.580
Anxiety 0.94 (1.25) 1.01 (1.28) 0.922 0.74 (1.06) 0.74 (1.10) 0.564
Loneliness 3.91 (2.71) 4.27 (2.76) 0.000 3.57 (2.43) 3.92 (2.55) 0.008
Respondents at-risk-of-poverty Respondents not at-risk-of-poverty
T1 T2 T1 T2
Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women
(N = 154) (N = 188) (N = 154) (N = 188) (N = 3,870) (N = 3,888) (N = 3,870) (N = 3,888)
M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p
Depressiveness 4.47 (4.10) 5.69 (4.66) 0.012 4.58 (4.13) 5.42 (5.22) 0.104 3.68 (3.55) 4.94 (4.00) 0.000 3.56 (3.70) 4.89 (4.05) 0.000
Anxiety 0.88 (1.22) 1.04 (1.28) 0.242 0.94 (1.16) 1.06 (1.38) 0.403 0.57 (0.95) 0.90 (1.13) 0.000 0.57 (0.96) 0.91 (1.19) 0.000
Loneliness 3.64 (3.86) 4.12 (2.81) 0.103 4.12 (2.67) 4.39 (2.83) 0.368 3.27 (2.30) 3.86 (2.52) 0.000 3.60 (2.38) 4.25 (2.66) 0.000
Respondents at-risk-of-poverty Respondents not at-risk-of-poverty
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p M (SD) M (SD) p
Depressiveness 4.47 (4.10) 4.58 (4.13) 0.682 5.69 (4.66) 5.42 (5.22) 0.306 3.68 (3.55) 3.56 (3.70) 0.005 4.94 (4.00) 4.89 (4.05) 0.245
Anxiety 0.88 (1.22) 0.94 (1.16) 0.525 1.04 (1.28) 1.06 (1.38) 0.844 0.57 (0.95) 0.57 (0.96) 0.540 0.90 (1.13) 0.91 (1.19) 0.540
Loneliness 3.64 (3.86) 4.12 (2.67) 0.027 4.12 (2.81) 4.39 (2.83) 0.131 3.27 (2.30) 3.60 (2.38) 0.000 3.86 (2.52) 4.25 (2.66) 0.000

We used t-tests to test for significant differences between the groups. Significant p-values in bold.