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. 2022 Nov 24;13:1023326. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023326

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Copyright © 2022 Nordholt, O'Hara, Resch-Genger, Blaskovich, Rühle and Schreiber.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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TolC is involved in efflux of NBD-DDA. (A) Workflow to determine efflux activity in bacteria, using NBD-DDA. (B) Increased median accumulation of NBD-DDA per cell in E. coli ΔtolC as determined by flow cytometry suggests decreased efflux activity. (C) Reduced fluorescence reduction rate per cell and (D) NBD-DDA signal in the supernatant after 60 min are lower in E. coli ΔtolC, due to decreased efflux activity. p-values were obtained from unpaired, two-tailed t-tests of the fluorescence values or rates. Bars indicate mean of n = 3 replicates. Black dots indicate individual experiments. Errors are 95% confidence intervals of the mean obtained by bootstrapping.