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. 2022 Dec 8;18(12):e1010948. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010948

Fig 1. Mechanisms of non-enveloped virus membrane penetration.

Fig 1

(A) After uptake by endocytosis, BTV, RRV, HPV, and SV40 undergo membrane penetration at different locations in the cell. (B) For reoviruses BTV and RRV, endosomal acidification triggers conformational changes in and/or dissociation of indicated capsid proteins, leading to perforation and rupture of the endosomal membrane. (C) The host protein γ-secretase drives insertion of the HPV capsid protein L2 across the endosomal membrane, where its inserted state is stabilized by the host protein retromer. (D) SV40 induces the formation of multi-tubular ER junctions, stabilized by the host protein Lunapark, where the viral particles can penetrate the membrane and escape into the cytosol. Created with BioRender.com. BTV, bluetongue virus; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; HPV, human papillomavirus; LNP, Lunapark; RRV, rhesus rotavirus; SV40, simian virus 40.