. 2022 Oct 6;10(12):4345–4359. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3027

TABLE 4.

Effect of extrusion parameters, amount, and particle sizes of soybean hull fractions on L*, a*, and b* of crust and crumb in addition to crumb structural properties (mean ± standard deviation)

	BS30	BB30	BB20	BS20	ES30	ES20	EB30	EB20	W20
L* (crust)	59.63 ± 0.18^b	69.75 ± 0.14^a	60.37 ± 0.6^b	52.30 ± 0.1^c	49.65 ± 0.58^d	49 ± 2.19^d	58.80 ± 0.7^b	50.84 ± 0.61^cd	51.53 ± 1.91^c
a* (crust)	2.99 ± 0.3^c	−5.07 ± 0.12ⁱ	−2.05 ± 0.1^g	1.14 ± 0.14^e	4.15 ± 0.17^d	3.57 ± 0.64^b	−2.77 ± 0.1^h	−0.986 ± 0.4^f	2.39 ± 0.51^d
b* (crust)	20.91 ± 0.1^c	12.26 ± 0.27^h	16.96 ± 0.23^f	25.17 ± 0.49^b	25.76 ± 0.19^a	25.37 ± 0.4^ab	14.76 ± 0.2^g	18.35 ± 0.7^d	17.57 ± 0.38^e
L* (crumb)	79.13 ± 0.4^a	76.94 ± 0.23^c	75.15 ± 0.27^d	76.58 ± 0.31^c	74.48 ± 0.39^e	74.99 ± 0.1^d	70.82 ± 0.18^f	74.13 ± 0.18^e	77.45 ± 0.29^b
a* (crumb)	−8.36 ± 0.8^d	−8.47 ± 0.46^de	−8.86 ± 0.11^e	−8.6 ± 0.1^de	−7.15 ± 0.2^b	−7.56 ± 0.1^bc	−7.60 ± 0.1^c	−8.25 ± 0.57^d	−6.62 ± 0.1^a
b* (crumb)	3.15 ± 0.23^e	1.86 ± 0.4^f	1.41 ± 0.51^g	2.03 ± 0.15^f	6.72 ± 0.5^b	6.10 ± 0.13^c	5.96 ± 0.17^c	5.30 ± 0.12^d	6.48 ± 0.22^a

	BS30	BB30	BB20	BS20	ES30	ES20	EB30	EB20	W20
Count	897 ± 3.51^b	863.30 ± 2.51^c	597.0 ± 1^f	702 ± 7^e	1194.3 ± 1.53^a	754 ± 4^d	862 ± 2^c	506.34 ± 8.5^g	426.33 ± 1.53^h
Total area (mm)²	126.75 ± 2.21^f	120.71 ± 2.66^g	185.90 ± 0.39^c	158.80 ± 1.71^d	111.14 ± 1.35^h	154.04 ± 4.77^e	128.36 ± 0.72^f	192.47 ± 2.95^b	209.23 ± 2.02^a
Average pore size (mm)	0.105 ± 0.002^h	0.129 ± 0.002^g	0.236 ± 0.005^d	0.216 ± 0.001^f	0.172 ± 0.002^d	0.215 ± 0.002^e	0.203 ± 0.007^a	0.38 ± 0.001^b	0.372 ± 0.002^b
Porosity%	25.83 ± 0.31^f	26 ± 0.8^f	35.65 ± 0.62^c	31.47 ± 0.61^d	20.43 ± 0.37^g	30.12 ± 0.6^e	29.42 ± 0.22^e	44.73 ± 0.7^a	37.37 ± 0.4^b
P < 2 mm	885.66 ± 3.05^b	851.67 ± 1.52^c	579.34 ± 1.15^f	684.67 ± 7.09^e	1185.33 ± 1.73^a	740.67 ± 4.04^d	851 ± 2.0^c	481.33 ± 9.53^g	411.66 ± 1.73^h
P < 10 mm < 2 mm	11 ± 1^d	11.34 ± 0.6^d	17.67 ± 0.6^b	17.33 ± 1.15^c	9.0 ± 0.1^e	13.33 ± 0.57^c	10.67 ± 0.6^d	.24.66 ± 0.58^a	14.00 ± 1^c

Note: Small shared letters indicate no significant differences in each row at 95% confidence level. BB30 (non‐extruded sample with large‐sized fractions at 30%), BS20 (non‐extruded sample with small‐sized fractions at 20%), ES30 (extruded sample with small‐sized fractions at 30%), ES20 (extruded sample with small‐sized fractions at 20%), EB20 (extruded sample with large‐sized fractions at 20%), EB30 (extruded sample with large‐sized fractions at 30%), and W20 (control sample containing 20% wheat bran).