FIGURE 7.

3D printing for biosensing applications. (A‐i) Photograph of the 3D‐printed device with integrated photonic PSi‐chips. (A‐ii) The chip's silicon nanostructure is functionalized with aptamers specific for target proteins exhibiting a histidine‐tag. (A‐iii) Measurements are conducted at different spots along the microfluidic channel, and optical readout and analysis are performed to (A‐iv) monitor target molecule binding by tracking changes in the refractive index within the porous layer. Reproduced with permission from [80]. Copyright 2021, the authors. Published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). (B‐i) Photograph of the impedance‐based biosensor for E. coli detection in which (B‐ii) the SPE is placed between two 3D‐printed parts. The system is held together by disc magnets and sealed by using an o‐ring. (B‐ii) Presence of E. coli cells onto the aptamer‐decorated SPE gold surface is detected by monitoring changes in the impedance signal. Adapted with permission from [26]. Copyright 2020, the authors. Published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). (C) Microdialysis probes and lactate and glucose biosensors are integrated into a 3D‐printed system to analyze lactate and glucose levels in subcutaneous tissue during a cycling exercise. Reproduced with permission from [85]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. Published under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0)