Table 3.

Example intervention research questions by example structural target

Example Structural Target	Example Research Question
Harmful effects of adverse SDoH specific to community contexts, needs, assets and preferences	Will a community health worker-led intervention involving culturally and linguistically concordant patient education improve CKD screening and linkage to care for individuals from minoritized groups?
Health care access barriers for children with CKD	Will a mobile van–based health care intervention improve adherence to follow up care for socially disadvantaged children with CKD?
Social needs identified by clinical screening	Will assessment of social needs (e.g., food or housing insecurity) and support from a health system navigator for identifying community resources lead to slower kidney function decline among socially disadvantaged adults with early CKD?
Food apartheid/food deserts	Will incentives for food suppliers/retailers to provide affordable access to healthy foods lead to improvements in the food purchasing patterns and kidney health (e.g., albuminuria) of their low-income patrons?
Resource deprivation/financial resource strain for pregnant people	Will income supplements for pregnant individuals and their children who reside in structurally disadvantaged communities lead to reduced future risk of CKD and other cardio-metabolic health conditions for the parent and child?