Table 2.

Summary of reviewed studies.

Study ID	Author	Year	Setting/Country	NHMRC Level of Evidence	Study Design	Subject Characteristics	Instruments	MSKD Prevalence n/N (%)	Site of the pain	Factors associated with MSK pain
1	Celanay	2020	Turkey	Level III-3	Case-control study	n = 686 (375 (54.7%) subgroup of participants that stayed at home during lockdown) Age: Median = 32 Gender: Male = 296 (78.9%) Ethnicity: Turkish Occupation: Student, teacher, engineer, medical staff, officer, employee, private sector, retired, academician, housewife	Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire Covid-19 Phobia Scale Jenkins Sleep Scale *Electronic **Used Turkish version of the instruments	Neck: 76/375 (20.3%) Upper back: 70/375 (18.7%) Lower back: 73/375 (19.5%) Shoulder: 60 (16.0%) Elbow: 5 (1.3%) Wrist/hand: 16 (4.3%) Hip/Thigh: 21 (5.6%) Knee: 36 (9.6%) Ankles/feet: 24 (6.4%)	Neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, upper back, lower back, hips/thighs, knees, ankles/feet
2	Condrowati	2020	Indonesia	Level IV	Cross-sectional study	n = 95 Age: Mode = 20–30 yrs (67, 70.50%) Gender: Male = 35 (36.8%) Ethnicity: Indonesian Occupation: Academics, employees (government, company), teacher, State-owned enterprise, entrepreneur	Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire *Electronic **Language version of the instrument was not explicitly reported	Neck: 51/95 (54%) Shoulder: 35/95 (36.5%) Lower back: 33/95 (34.9%) Upper back: 30/95 (31.7%) Ankle: 21/95 (22.2%) Hip: 17/95 (17.4%) Knee: 17/95 (17.4%) Wrist: 15/95 (15.9%) Elbow: 6/95 (6.3%) *Incomplete data reported (for n); manually computed	Neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, upper back, lower back, hips/thighs, knees, ankles/feet
3	Ozdemir	2021	Turkey	Level IV	Cross-sectional study	n = 101 Age: 33.95 ± 5.99 (24–57) Gender: Male = 42 (41.6%) Ethnicity: Turkish Occupation: White-collar workers	Numerical Rating Scale Oswestry Disability Index Utrecht Work Engagement Scale Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short form *Electronic **Researcher-developed questionnaire previously reported elsewhere ***Used Turkish version of the instruments	LBP: 57/101 (56.4%) Neck: 40/101 (39.6) Leg: 5/101 (5%) Widespread: 3/101 (3%) Shoulder: 3/101 (3%) Arm: 1/101 (1%) Chest: 2/101 (2%) Coccydynia: 1/101 (1%)	Back, neck, leg, shoulder, arm, chest, coccyx	LBP intensity was significantly correlated with disabling effects on daily living activities and fear of movement. Neck pain was significantly correlated with disabling effects on daily living activities.
4	Sagat	2020	Saudi Arabia (Riyadh)	Level IV	Cross-sectional study	n = 463 Age: 35.68 + 9.84 (18–64 yrs) Gender: Male = 259 (55.94%) Ethnicity: Saudi Citizen = 330 (71.27%), Foreign = 133 (28.73%) Occupation: Not explicitly reported (academic and work-related)	COVID-19 and Back Pain Questionnaire *Electronic **Researcher-developed questionnaire ***Used the original English version of the instruments	Neck: 140/463 (30.3%) Shoulders: 108/463 (23.3%) Thoracic area: 107/463 (23.2%) Low back: 203/463 (43.8%) Legs: 64/463 (13.9%) *Incomplete data reported (for n); manually computed	Neck, shoulders, thoracic area, low back, legs	Back pain is significantly correlated with time spent sitting, weekly frequency of physical inactivity, and perceived stress
5	Sengul	2020	Turkey	Level IV	Cross-sectional study	n = 1138 (WFH = 686 (60.3%)) Age: 35.69 + 11.6 Gender: Male = 650 (57.1%) Ethnicity: Turkish Occupation: Not explicitly reported (academic and work-related)	Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire *Electronic **Used Turkish version of the instruments	Neck: 875/1138 (76.9%) Shoulders: 820/1138 (72.1%) Back: 856/1138 (75.2%) Between shoulder and elbow: 703/1163 (61.8%) Waist: 678/1138 (72.8%) Forearm: 680/1138 (59.8%) Wrist: 678/1138 (59.6%) Fingers: 666/1138 (58.5%) Hip: 691/1138 (60.7%) Upper leg: 672/1138 59.1%) Knee: 709/1138 (62.3%) Lower leg: 665/1138 (58.4%) Feet: 682/1138 (59.9%) *Considered all participants working or not working from home and those within areas with and without lockdowns **Pain is due to inactivity related to decrease in daily exercise, sports, or routine activities ***Prevalence based on total of the pain strength level	Neck, shoulders, back, between shoulder and elbow, waist, forearm, wrist, fingers, hip, upper leg, knee, lower leg, feet
6	Seva	2021	Philippines (Manila)	Level IV	Cross-sectional study	n = 352 Age: Median = 33 (21–64) Gender: Male = 134 (38.07%) Ethnicity: Filipinos Occupation: Employees that use computers	Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire Workstation Suitability (Researcher-Adapted) Computer Workstation Ergonomics: Self-Assessment Checklist Recovery Experience Questionnaire (Psychological Detachment items) Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (Stress) *Electronic **Used the original English version of the instruments	Neck: 239/352 (67.9%) Shoulder: one = 88/352 (25%); both = 149/352 (42.3%) Elbow: one = 62/352 (17.6%); both = 39/352 (11.1%) Wrist: one = 165/352 (46.9%); both = 56/352 (15.9%) Upper back: 200/352 (56.3%) Lower back: 261/352 (74.1%) Hips/thighs: 139/352 (39.5%) Knees: 101/352 (28.7%) Ankles/feet: 76/352 (21.6%) *Reported pain in on or both sides for shoulder, elbow, and wrist	Neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, upper back, lower back, one or both hips/thighs, one or both knees, one or both ankles/feet	Workstation ergonomic suitability was significantly correlated with musculoskeletal symptom but not workstation suitability. Musculoskeletal symptoms had no significant effect on productivity.