Table 3.
Appetite assessment tools
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| The Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ) [60] | Contains 8 questions related to appetite, food intake, satiety, and number of meals consumed per day derived from the AHSPQ. The total appetite score ranges from 8 (worst appetite) to 40 points (best appetite). |
| The Simplified Nutrition Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) [60] | Contains four questions related to appetite, food intake, satiety, and number of meals consumed per day. A total score of ≤14 points indicates a significant risk of ≥5% weight loss in the next 6 months. |
| Appetite and Diet Assessment Tool (ADAT) [61] | 44-Item self-administered questionnaire divided into three sections about appetite and eating habits in general, on dialysis, and on non-dialysis days, respectively. It takes 10 min to complete. |
| Self-assessment of appetite changes [58] | Compares present appetite vs. appetite over the last month (increased, decreased, or unchanged). |
| Subjective assessment of appetite [58] | Compares present appetite vs. appetite last week (increased, decreased, or unchanged). The test was adapted from the ADAT. |
| Visual analogue scale (VAS) [62] | Determines present appetite indicated with a line on a scale (scale extremities: 0 mm, ‘no hunger’; 100 mm, ‘hunger’). The scale is a quantitative measure of appetite. |
| Scoring: >50 mm, good appetite | |
| FAACT-ESPEN score (based on a subset of the FAACT, in particular the AC/S [63] | 12 Questions related to appetite and food intake, each of which allows for five answers (i.e., not at all, a little bit, somewhat, quite a bit, or very much). |
| The Anorexia questionnaire (AQ) [58] | Developed for the diagnosis of anorexia associated with chronic diseases, including CKD and ESRD. |
| Appetite and Food Satisfaction Questionnaire (AFSQ) [64] | Assesses the level of appetite using a facial hedonic scale and five other questions adapted from the Buckner and Dwyer tool that assesses some aspects related to food satisfaction. |
AC/S, anorexia/cachexia subscale; AHSPQ, Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception Questionnaire; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; FAACT, Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy.