Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, biological, and ventilatory support characteristics of the 3388 patients according to the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
| No. | All patients (n = 3388) | VAP (n = 1523) | No VAP (n = 1865) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 3387 | 63 [55–70] | 63 [55−70] | 63 [55−71] | |
| Men, number (%) | 3358 | 2545 (75.8%) | 1195 (79%) | 1350 (73.2%) | |
| Body mass index, kg.m−² | 3182 | 28.6 [25.6–32.5] | 28.7 [25.7–32.7] | 28.4 [25.6–32.4] | |
| <18 | 18 (0.6%) | 5 (0.3%) | 13 (0.7%) | ||
| 18–25 | 649 (20.4%) | 292 (20.2%) | 357 (20.5%) | ||
| 25–30 | 1268 (39.8%) | 565 (39.1%) | 703 (40.4%) | ||
| >30 | 1247 (39.2%) | 582 (40.3%) | 665 (38.3%) | ||
| Active smoker, number (%) | 3388 | 141 (4.2%) | 58 (3.8%) | 83 (4.5%) | |
| Cardiovascular comorbidities | |||||
| Treated hypertension | 3388 | 1656 (48.9%) | 898 (48.2%) | 758 (49.8%) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 3388 | 373 (11.0%) | 173 (11.4%) | 200 (10.7%) | |
| Chronic heart failure | 3388 | 115 (3.4%) | 50 (3.3%) | 65 (3.5%) | |
| Respiratory comorbidities | |||||
| COPD | 3388 | 206 (6.1%) | 98 (6.4%) | 108 (5.8%) | |
| Asthma | 3388 | 221 (6.5%) | 97 (6.4%) | 124 (6.6%) | |
| Diabetes | 3388 | 932 (27.5%) | 450 (29.5%) | 482 (25.8%) | |
| Chronic renal failure | 3388 | 310 (9.1%) | 147 (9.7%) | 163 (8.7%) | |
| Chronic liver failure | 3388 | 22 (0.6%) | 10 (0.7%) | 12 (0.6%) | |
| Immunodeficiency | 352 (10.4%) | 160 (10.5%) | 192 (10.3%) | ||
| Hematological malignancies | 3388 | 97 (2.9%) | 46 (3.0%) | 51 (2.7%) | |
| Active solid tumor | 3388 | 50 (1.5%) | 16 (1.1%) | 34 (1.8%) | |
| Solid organ transplant | 3388 | 74 (2.2%) | 40 (2.6%) | 34 (1.8%) | |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 3388 | 56 (1.7%) | 24 (1.6%) | 32 (1.7%) | |
| Immunosuppressive therapya | 3388 | 145 (4.3%) | 72 (4.7%) | 73 (3.9%) | |
| Long-term corticosteroidsb | 3388 | 135 (4.0%) | 62 (4.1%) | 73 (3.9%) | |
| Clinical frailty scorec | 3028 | 2 [2–3] | 2 [2–3] | 2 [2–3] | |
| Time between first symptoms and ICU admission, days | 3387 | 7 [4–10] | 7 [4–10] | 7 [4–10] | |
| NSAID intake before ICU admission | 2919 | 207 (7.1%) | 96 (7.3%) | 111 (7.0%) | |
| At ICU admission | |||||
| SAPS II score | 3107 | 39 [30–52] | 39 [30–52] | 40 [31–52] | |
| SOFA score at ICU admission | 2567 | 10 [8–12] | 10 [8–12] | 10 [7–12] | |
| Patient origin | 3373 | ||||
| Direct admission from home/emergency medical ambulance | 511 (15.1%) | 237 (15.6) | 274 (14.8%) | ||
| Emergency room | 1521 (45.1%) | 693 (45.6%) | 828 (44.7%) | ||
| Medical wards | 1078 (32%) | 463 (30.5%) | 615 (33.2%) | ||
| Other ICU | 259 (7.7%) | 125 (8.2%) | 134 (7.2%) | ||
| Operating theatre | 4 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | 2 (0.1%) | ||
| Concomitant bacterial pneumonia | 3387 | 245 (7.2%) | 140 (9.2%) | 105 (5.6%) | |
| Respiratory support, number (%) | 3383 | ||||
| Standard oxygen therapy | 448 (13.2%) | 193 (12.7%) | 255 (13.7%) | ||
| High-flow oxygen | 264 (7.8%) | 106 (7%) | 158 (8.5%) | ||
| Non-invasive ventilation | 88 (2.3%) | 34 (2.2%) | 54 (2.9%) | ||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 2583 (76.4%) | 1190 (78.1%) | 1393 (74.9%) | ||
| At intubation | |||||
| Ventilator settingsd | |||||
| Vt, mL.kg−1PBW | 2997 | 6.2 [5.9–6.7] | 6.1 [5.8–6.7] | 6.2 [5.9–6.8] | |
| Set PEEP, cmH2O | 1306 | 12 [10–14] | 12 [10–14] | 12 [10–13] | |
| Plateau pressure, cmH2O | 2049 | 24 [21–27] | 24 [21–27] | 24 [21–27] | |
| Driving pressure, cmH2O | 1318 | 12 [10–14] | 12 [9–14] | 12 [10–14] | |
| Set FiO2 | 2823 | 0.50 [0.40–0.60] | 0.50 [0.40–0.60] | 0.50 [0.40–0.60] | |
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 2652 | 186 [146–243] | 176 [140–225] | 193 [150–247] | |
| Biologyd | |||||
| White blood cells, ×109 L−1 | 3108 | 9.0 [6.8–11.9] | 9.2 [6.9–12.3] | 8.8 [6.7–11.7] | |
| Lymphocytes, ×109 L−1 | 2745 | 0.8 [0.5–1.1] | 0.8 [0.5–1.1] | 0.8 [0.5–1.1] | |
| Hemoglobin, g.dL−1 | 3126 | 11.4 [10.1–12.6] | 11.4 [10.1–12.6] | 11.4 [10.2–12.6] | |
| Platelets, ×109 L−1 | 3122 | 240 [183–311] | 240 [182–309] | 240 [184–313] | |
| Creatinine, μmol.L−1 | 3073 | 82 [61–125] | 83 [63–124] | 80 [60–125] | |
| Bicarbonates, mmol.L−1 | 3107 | 25 [23–28] | 26 [23–28] | 25 [23–28] | |
| C-reactive protein, mg.L−1 | 2067 | 195 [126–283] | 201 [130–290] | 190 [123–276] | |
| Procalcitonine, ng.mL−1 | 1571 | 0.58 [0.25–1.44] | 0.60 [0.28–1.54] | 0.54 [0.22–1.40] | |
| Fibrinogen, g.L−1 | 2138 | 6.9 [5.7–7.9] | 6.9 [5.8–7.9] | 6.8 [5.6–7.9] | |
| D-dimers, μg.L−1 | 1483 | 1860 [1047–4000] | 1893 [1022–4099] | 1830 [1060–3818] | |
| Lactate, mmol.L−1 | 3065 | 1.30 [1.00–1.70] | 1.30 [1.00–1.70] | 1.30 [1.00–1.70] | |
Results are expressed as n (%) or median [25th–75th percentiles].
No.: number of available data; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PBW: predicted body weight.
a
Except corticosteroids.
b
Daily intake above 20 mg of prednisone equivalent.
c
Clinical Frailty Score (CFS) as described by Rockwood et al. (A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173:489–95). The validated French translation of the CFS was used in this study (Abraham et al. Validation of the clinical frailty score (CFS) in French language. BMC Geriatr. 2019 Nov 21;19(1):322).
d
Worst value during the 24 h following tracheal intubation.