Table 2.
Treatments, VAP characteristics and outcomes of the 3388 patients according to the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
| No. | All patients (n = 3388) | VAP (n = 1523) | No VAP (n = 1865) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatments | |||||
| Neuromuscular blockers usea | 3076 | 2125 (69.1%) | 1008 (70.8%) | 1117 (67.6%) | |
| Prone positioning usea | 3187 | 1209 (37.9%) | 602 (41.8%) | 607 (34.7%) | |
| Systemic antibiotic usea | 3242 | 2080 (64.2%) | 934 (63.9%) | 1146 (64.4%) | |
| Including beta-lactam antibiotics | 3249 | 2049 (63.1%) | 935 (63.8%) | 1114 (62.4%) | |
| Corticosteroid treatment | 3388 | 815 (24.1%) | 363 (23.8%) | 452 (24.2%) | |
| VAP characteristics | |||||
| Early VAP | 1523 | – | 491 (32.2%) | – | |
| Late VAP | 1523 | – | 1313 (86.2%) | – | |
| Monomicrobial VAP | 1523 | – | 1263 (82.9%) | – | |
| Polymicrobial VAP | 1523 | – | 260 (17.1%) | – | |
| Isolated pathogenb | |||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | – | 286 (15.8%) | – | ||
| Acinetobacter baumanii | – | 19 (1%) | – | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae | – | 48 (2.6%) | – | ||
| Enterobacteriaceae and other GNB | – | 1087 (59.9%) | – | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | – | 242 (13.3%)c | – | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | – | 35 (1.9%) | – | ||
| Enterococci | – | 61 (3.4%) | – | ||
| Other streptococci | – | 36 (2%) | – | ||
| Outcomes | |||||
| Subsequent VAP | |||||
| Second episode | 1523 | – | 736 (48.3%) | – | |
| Third episode | 1523 | – | 174 (11.4%) | – | |
| >3 episodes | 1523 | – | 145 (9.5%) | – | |
| 28-day mortalityd | 3388 | 874 (25.8%) | 329 (21.6%) | 545 (29.2%) | |
| 90-day mortalityd | 3388 | 1074 (31.7%) | 456 (29.9%) | 618 (33.1%) | |
| Length of mechanical ventilatione, days | 2389 | 17 [8–28] | 25 [16–41] | 10 [5–19] | |
| ICU length-of-staye, days | 2389 | 19 [12–32] | 28 [19–43] | 14 [8–21] | |
| Hospital length-of-staye, days | 2344 | 31 [19–49] | 41 [28–60] | 23 [15–37] | |
a
At least during 48 h following intubation and before VAP diagnosis.
b
Total number of bacterial isolates, n = 1814 in 1523 first VAP episodes.
c
Including 37 (2%) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
d
Crude mortality at 28 and 90 days could not be directly compared between patients with and without VAP due to immortal time bias. See Table 4 for multivariable analysis and text for interpretation.
e
Among survivors.