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. 2022 Nov 25;13:1008154. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008154

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Copyright © 2022 Damulewicz, Tyszka and Pyza.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Mushroom bodies development and its dopaminergic input depends on light during early life. (A) The size of MBs is significantly decreased in flies from DD/DD group, while (B) the whole brain size was not changed. (C) Representative confocal images of MB from flies developed in LD and DD conditions. Images showed here were modified: selected area was cropped, 8-bit image was color inverted and contrast was enhanced. (D–G): Tyrosine hydroxylase immunofluorescence signal measured in specific dopaminergic cell clusters innervating sleep centers showed decreased level in DD/DD group. DD/LD group showed TH level similar to the control. Total number of brains used for experiments: 30 per group. Mean ± SEM. (G): confocal image of the brain - OK107 > GFP strain has visible mushroom bodies (green), anti-TH immunostaining (red) marks dopaminergic clusters.