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. 2022 Nov 25;13:1008154. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1008154

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Copyright © 2022 Damulewicz, Tyszka and Pyza.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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NorpA mutants show behavioral changes when developed without light. (A) Sleep pattern shows changes of sleep between experimental (DD/LD) and control group (LD/LD). (B) Sleep level is decreased both, during the day and night. (C) Total activity is significantly increased in flies which grown up in darkness. (D) Activity index measured as ratio of total activity per day and number of minutes awaked. Mean ± SEM. Statistically significant differences marked as asterisks: **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.