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. 2022 Nov 25;13:1016492. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016492

Table 2.

Home and classroom language and literacy activities predicting emergent literacy skills in English and Spanish.

Coef. S.E. p 95% C.I. Coef. S.E. p 95% C.I.
English literacy skills (n = 232) Model A Model B
Intercept 88.76 11.83 0.000 65.57 111.95 26.09 31.25 0.404 −35.15 87.33
Child level covariates
Child age −0.06 0.10 0.541 −0.25 0.13 −0.05 0.10 0.603 −0.24 0.14
Child gender (boy) −3.65 1.66 0.028 −6.90 −0.40 −3.78 1.64 0.021 −7.00 −0.56
Total # of children at home −1.22 0.64 0.057 −2.48 0.03 −1.39 0.64 0.030 −2.64 −0.13
Parental edu −0.07 0.22 0.757 −0.49 0.36 −0.10 0.21 0.645 −0.52 0.32
Parental Spa use 0.10 0.94 0.912 −1.74 1.95 0.16 0.93 0.865 −1.67 1.99
Classroom level covariates
Teachers’ edu −0.04 1.04 0.967 −2.08 1.99 −0.07 1.02 0.947 −2.07 1.93
Teachers’ instructional lang −0.61 1.03 0.551 −2.63 1.41 −0.64 1.01 0.526 −2.63 1.34
Key predictors
Home activities 1.40 1.20 0.245 −0.96 3.75 22.73 9.93 0.022 3.26 42.20
Classroom activities 0.07 1.73 0.966 −3.31 3.46 11.70 5.64 0.038 0.65 22.75
Interaction
Home activities × Classroom activities −3.95 1.82 0.031 −7.52 −0.37
Spanish literacy skills (n = 233) Model C Model D
Intercept 60.90 10.16 0.000 40.98 80.81 4.45 28.47 0.876 −51.35 60.25
Child level control variables
Child age −0.15 0.09 0.085 −0.32 0.02 −0.14 0.09 0.098 −0.31 0.03
Child gender (boy) −1.14 1.53 0.459 −4.14 1.87 −1.25 1.52 0.411 −4.23 1.73
Total # of children at home −0.98 0.59 0.097 −2.13 0.18 −1.14 0.59 0.052 −2.30 0.01
Parental edu 0.10 0.20 0.629 −0.29 0.48 0.07 0.20 0.724 −0.31 0.45
Parental Spa use 3.20 0.83 0.000 1.58 4.82 3.27 0.82 0.000 1.66 4.88
Classroom level control variables
Teachers’ edu −0.12 0.77 0.875 −1.64 1.40 −0.13 0.77 0.869 −1.63 1.38
Teachers’ instructional lang 0.26 0.76 0.733 −1.23 1.76 0.24 0.75 0.747 −1.23 1.72
Key predictors
Home activities 3.82 1.12 0.001 1.63 6.00 22.83 9.03 0.011 5.13 40.53
Classroom activities 3.31 1.43 0.021 0.50 6.12 13.77 5.13 0.007 3.72 23.82
Interaction
Home activities × Classroom activities −3.52 1.66 0.034 −6.77 −0.27

Bolded predictors were significant at the α = 0.05 level.