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. 2022 Nov 25;13:1057571. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1057571

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Shao, Li, Zhang, Ding, Zhuang and Sun.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of propofol on the tumor microenvironment. Propofol can play a role in reshaping the tumor microenvironment, including anti-angiogenesis, regulation of immunity, reduction of inflammation, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix, indirectly affecting the biological characteristics of tumor cells. Propofol can inhibit the expression of VEGF/VEGFR and play an anti-angiogenesis role. Propofol regulates immunity by affecting the infiltration and activity of a variety of immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, and macrophages. Propofol can reduce inflammation via inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and targeting the expression of HMGB1 and COX-2 inflammatory proteins. In addition, propofol can target the expression of MMP-9 and ADAM8 to remodel the tumor extracellular matrix.