Table 4.

Absolute abundance of species with significant difference between groups.

Taxa	OA	Control	T/U	p	Q
p_Firmicutes	24,914 ± 1,161#	39,842 ± 10,348#	6.062	< 0.001**	0.443
c_Clostridia	20,113 ± 10,652#	30,625 ± 8,366#	4.909	< 0.001**	0.339
p_Actinobacteriota	3,217##	4,498##	475.000	0.002*	0.717
p_Verrucomicrobiota	189##	25##	304.500	< 0.001**	0.330
p_Bacteroidota	15,589##	7,397##	539.000	0.012*	0.039&
c_Negativicutes	1,577##	5,788##	283.000	< 0.001**	0.332
c_Actinobacteria	1,656##	3,063##	441.000	0.001*	0.818
c_Verrucomicrobiae	189##	25##	305.000	< 0.001**	0.330
c_Bacteroidia	15,582##	7,395##	539.000	0.012*	0.039&
o_Oscillospirales	9,379##	19,287##	295.000	< 0.001**	0.144
o_Veillonellales-Selenomonadales	1,072##	5,772##	226.000	< 0.001**	0.499
o_Bifidobacteriales	396##	2,514##	325.000	< 0.001**	0.968
o_Verrucomicrobiales	127##	0##	329.500	< 0.001**	0.332
o_Bacteroidales	15,393##	7,368##	538.500	0.012*	0.040&
f_Ruminococcaceae	7,580##	16,851##	295.000	< 0.001**	0.115
f_Veillonellaceae	822##	5,423##	250.000	< 0.001**	0.295
f_Bifidobacteriaceae	396##	2,514##	325.000	< 0.001**	0.968
f_Akkermansiaceae	127##	0##	329.500	< 0.001**	0.332
f_Bacteroidaceae	9,053##	2,835##	346.000	< 0.001**	0.360
g_Faecalibacterium	5,406##	14,633##	281.000	< 0.001**	0.105
g_Dialister	691##	3,005##	386.000	< 0.001**	0.493
g_Megasphaera	52##	1946##	57.000	< 0.001**	0.230
g_Bifidobacterium	396##	2,514##	325.000	< 0.001**	0.968
g_Akkermansia	127##	0##	328.500	< 0.001**	0.331
g_Bacteroides	9,053##	2,835##	346.000	< 0.001**	0.360
s_Dialister_sp.	401##	2,999##	261.000	< 0.001**	0.419
s_Prevotella_copri	222##	2,824##	359.500	< 0.001**	0.001&

OA, osteoarthritis. Q, p value after adjusting for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI).

^#mean ± standard deviation.

^##median.

^*p < 0.05, statistical difference.

^**p < 0.001, dramatically statistical difference; and Q < 0.05, statistical difference.