Table 5.
Cognitive functioning results.
| Effect | Variable Category | MoCA 22-Point | PROMIS Applied Cognitive Abilities | NACC UDS Number Span Forward | NACC UDS Number Span Backward | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | P-Value | Estimate | P-Value | Estimate | P-Value | Estimate | P-Value | ||
| Intercept | 23.65 | <0.001 | 33.35 | <0.001 | 10.78 | <0.001 | 8.21 | <0.001 | |
| Age | −0.07 | <0.001 | −0.06 | 0.44 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.25 | |
| Sex | Female | 0.23 | 0.17 | −1.00 | 0.22 | −0.04 | 0.87 | −0.16 | 0.55 |
| Male | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Race | Other Racial Groups | −0.37 | 0.15 | −0.35 | 0.78 | 0.41 | 0.30 | 0.45 | 0.27 |
| White | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Ethnicity | Hispanic or Latinx | −0.59 | 0.08 | −0.50 | 0.76 | −0.94 | 0.08 | −1.14 | 0.03 |
| Not Hispanic or Latinx | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Highest Academic Degree | Some College/Associate’s Degree | 0.25 | 0.46 | 3.81 | 0.02 | 1.30 | 0.01 | 1.28 | 0.02 |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 0.63 | 0.05 | 4.51 | <0.01 | 1.29 | 0.01 | 1.25 | 0.01 | |
| Professional/Graduate Degree | 1.10 | <0.001 | 3.87 | 0.01 | 1.43 | <0.01 | 1.35 | <0.01 | |
| High School/GED | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Site | University of Florida | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.59 | 0.03 | 0.90 | −0.10 | 0.70 |
| University of Arizona | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Timepoint | COVID-19 T1 | −0.47 | <0.01 | −1.07 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.001 | 0.90 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 T2 | −0.19 | 0.24 | −0.69 | 0.13 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.97 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 T3 | −0.17 | 0.30 | −0.81 | 0.08 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 1.13 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 T4 | 0.02 | 0.92 | −0.26 | 0.56 | 0.69 | <0.001 | 1.38 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 T5 | 0.22 | 0.16 | −0.21 | 0.63 | 1.03 | <0.001 | 1.67 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 T6 | 0.39 | 0.02 | −0.88 | 0.05 | 1.29 | <0.001 | 1.42 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 T7 | 0.39 | 0.01 | −0.74 | 0.11 | 1.16 | <0.001 | 1.55 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 T8 | 0.52 | <0.001 | −1.00 | 0.05 | 1.13 | <0.001 | 1.57 | <0.001 | |
| Pre-Pandemic Baseline | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||
| Contrast | Pre-Pandemic Baseline vs. COVID-19 T1–T8 | 0.09 | 0.46 | −0.71 | 0.08 | 0.91 | <0.001 | 1.33 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 T1 vs. COVID-19 T8 | 0.99 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.87 | 0.62 | <0.001 | 0.67 | <0.001 | |
Notes: PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; MoCA 22-Point, Montreal Cognitive Assessment abbreviated version based on 22 points; NACC UDS, National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. This table contains the model estimates and respective significance values for the main effects of each covariate and timepoint, as well as, the contrasts of interest. The contrast “Pre-Pandemic Baseline vs. COVID-19 T1–T8” compares each measure obtained at a baseline assessment prior to the pandemic to an average of the same measure collected across eight assessments during the pandemic (i.e., the average of COVID-19 timepoints 1 through 8). The contrast “COVID-19 T1 vs. COVID-19 T8” compares each measure obtained at the first assessment during the pandemic compared to the last assessment during the pandemic (i.e., COVID-19 timepoint 1 vs. COVID-19 timepoint 8).