TABLE 1.
Closed Human Exposure Cases Involving Benzonatate Among Children 0 to 16 Years Old, NPDS 2010 to 2018
| Calendar Year, N (%) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, N (%) | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
|
| ||||||||||
| Total, N | 4689 | 308 | 345 | 413 | 464 | 495 | 510 | 634 | 721 | 799 |
| Single-substance | 3727 (79.5) | 249 (80.8) | 265 (76.8) | 343 (83.1) | 373 (80.4) | 405 (81.8) | 406 (79.6) | 500 (78.9) | 567 (78.6) | 619 (77.5) |
| Multiple-substance | 962 (20.5) | 59 (19.2) | 80 (23.2) | 70 (16.9) | 91 (19.6) | 90 (18.2) | 104 (20.4) | 134 (21.1) | 154 (21.4) | 180 (22.5) |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 2032 (43.3) | 134 (43.5) | 165 (47.8) | 179 (43.3) | 201 (43.3) | 214 (43.2) | 207 (40.6) | 274 (43.2) | 318 (44.1) | 340 (42.6) |
| Female | 2642 (56.3) | 174 (56.5) | 176 (51.0) | 231 (55.9) | 262 (56.5) | 280 (56.6) | 303 (59.4) | 358 (56.5) | 402 (55.8) | 456 (57.1) |
| Unknown | 15 (0.3) | — | 4 (1.2) | 3 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | — | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.4) |
| Age group, y | ||||||||||
| 0–5 | 2954 (63.0) | 221 (71.8) | 240 (69.6) | 275 (66.6) | 296 (63.8) | 323 (65.3) | 296 (58.0) | 405 (63.9) | 430 (59.6) | 468 (58.6) |
| 6–9 | 316 (6.7) | 13 (4.2) | 13 (3.8) | 32 (7.7) | 32 (6.9) | 32 (6.5) | 51 (10.0) | 39 (6.2) | 47 (6.5) | 57 (7.1) |
| 10–16 | 1419 (30.3) | 74 (24.0) | 92 (26.7) | 106 (25.7) | 136 (29.3) | 140 (28.3) | 163 (32.0) | 190 (30.0) | 244 (33.8) | 274 (34.3) |
| Reason for exposures | ||||||||||
| Intentional | 1027 (21.9) | 49 (15.9) | 54 (15.7) | 66 (16.0) | 103 (22.2) | 104 (21.0) | 120 (23.5) | 141 (22.2) | 180 (25.0) | 210 (26.3) |
| Abuse | 16 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | — |
| Misuse | 80 (1.7) | 5 (1.6) | 8 (2.3) | 9 (2.2) | 9 (1.9) | 7 (1.4) | 7 (1.4) | 11 (1.7) | 14 (1.9) | 10 (1.3) |
| Abuse + misuse | 96 (2.0) | 7 (2.3) | 11 (3.2) | 10 (2.4) | 12 (2.6) | 8 (1.6) | 9 (1.8) | 12 (1.9) | 17 (2.4) | 10 (1.3) |
| Suspected suicide | 906 (19.3) | 41 (13.3) | 41 (11.9) | 54 (13.1) | 86 (18.5) | 95 (19.2) | 108 (21.2) | 127 (20.0) | 158 (21.9) | 196 (24.5) |
| Unknowna | 25 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.5) | 5 (1.1) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 2 (0.3) | 5 (0.7) | 4 (0.5) |
| Unintentional | 3590 (76.6) | 256 (83.1) | 282 (81.7) | 341 (82.6) | 358 (77.2) | 383 (77.4) | 379 (74.3) | 483 (76.2) | 527 (73.1) | 581 (72.7) |
| General | 3077 (65.6) | 225 (73.1) | 247 (71.6) | 293 (70.9) | 306 (65.9) | 334 (67.5) | 316 (62.0) | 420 (66.2) | 451 (62.6) | 485 (60.7) |
| Therapeutic error | 446 (9.5) | 28 (9.1) | 29 (8.4) | 40 (9.7) | 43 (9.3) | 44 (8.9) | 53 (10.4) | 55 (8.7) | 66 (9.2) | 88 (11.0) |
| Misuse | 64 (1.4) | 3 (1.0) | 4 (1.2) | 7 (1.7) | 9 (1.9) | 5 (1.0) | 10 (2.0) | 8 (1.3) | 10 (1.4) | 8 (1.0) |
| Unknown | 3 (0.1) | — | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Adverse reaction | 61 (1.3) | 3 (1.0) | 8 (2.3) | 5 (1.2) | 3 (0.6) | 8 (1.6) | 9 (1.8) | 9 (1.4) | 11 (1.5) | 5 (0.6) |
| Other | 1 (0.0) | — | 1 (0.3) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Unknown | 10 (0.2) | — | — | 1 (0.2) | — | — | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.4) | 3 (0.4) |
| Single-substance | ||||||||||
| Related medical outcomesb | ||||||||||
| No effect | 1796 (75.1) | 125 (74.0) | 141 (77.0) | 179 (77.2) | 185 (74.0) | 200 (78.4) | 185 (72.5) | 221 (73.4) | 272 (74.1) | 288 (75.8) |
| Minor effect | 467 (19.5) | 37 (21.9) | 30 (16.4) | 45 (19.4) | 53 (21.2) | 44 (17.3) | 51 (20.0) | 56 (18.6) | 84 (22.9) | 67 (17.6) |
| Moderate effect | 100 (4.2) | 7 (4.1) | 8 (4.4) | 6 (2.6) | 11 (4.4) | 6 (2.4) | 16 (6.3) | 20 (6.6) | 9 (2.5) | 17 (4.5) |
| Major effect | 23 (1.0) | — | 3 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 4 (1.3) | 2 (0.5) | 8 (2.1) |
| Death | 6 (0.3) | — | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | — | 3 (1.2) | 1 (0.4) | — | — | — |
—, no data available.
a
Intentional unknown defined as exposures that are deemed to be intentional although the specific motive is undetermined.
b
Medical outcomes among individuals with a related clinical effect (N = 2392), excluding unrelated medical outcomes, cases not followed, unable to follow, and confirmed nonexposures.