Table 4.

Parameter estimates of the model

Parameter	Unstandardized B (SE)	Standardized β
Structural model
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.22 (.21)	.06
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .13 (.25)	− .04
Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .17 (.21)	− .04
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.79 (.23)	.22***
Mothers’ negative emotions during COVID-19
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.89 (.29)	.17**
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .05 (.33)	− .01
Fathers’ negative emotions during COVID-19
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.07 (.28)	.02
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.63 (.32)	.13*
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.51 (.25)	.11*
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .33 (.29)	− .08
Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.03 (.22)	.01
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.35 (.15)	.09
Control variables
Pre-existing severity of mothers’ depressive symptoms
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.64 (.06)	.61***
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.20 (.07)	.20**
Pre-existing severity of fathers’ depressive symptoms
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.04 (.06)	.03
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.33 (.07)	.30***
Household income
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.02 (.08)	.02
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	.03 (.10)	.02
Additional help from domestic helpers
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− 1.71 (.53)	− .20
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .56 (.60)	− .07
Child’s age at Time 2
$\to$Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .04 (.06)	− .04
$\to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	− .02 (.07)	− .02
Covariance
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress
$\leftarrow \to$Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress	.46 (.08)	.39***
Mothers’ negative emotions during COVID-19
$\leftarrow \to$Fathers’ negative emotions during COVID-19	.27 (.05)	.39***
Mothers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions
$\leftarrow \to$Fathers’ COVID-19-related parental stress × negative emotions	.34 (.07)	.39***
Household income
$\leftarrow \to$Additional help from domestic helpers	.92 (.13)	.59***
Error covariance
Mothers’ severity of depressive symptoms
$\leftarrow \to$Fathers’ severity of depressive symptoms	2.86 (.68)	.30***

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001