Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in this review
| S/no. | Author and year | Country and continent | Study setting/no. of centres | Guideline used | Period of the study | Number of participants | Prevalence of HAIs | Prevalence of different types of HAIs | Prevalence of different HAIs among total HAIs | Prevalence of HAIs in speciality/ward |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Labi et al., 2019 [23] | Ghana | Multicentre (10 hospitals) | ECDC | September to December 2016 | 2107 | 172/2107 (8.2%) |
SSI: 2.8% BSI: 1.7% UTI: 1.6% RTI: 1.4% |
SSI: 32.9% BSI: 19.5% UTI: 18.5% RTI: 16.3% DAI: 7.1% |
Surgical: 11.2 Paediatrics: 8.0 Medical: 7.5 OBG: 6.4 Psychiatry: 4.5 |
| 2 | Ketata et al., 2021 [29] | Tunisia | Bicentric (2 hospitals) | CDC | February 2019 | 898 | 65/898 (7.24%) |
SSI: 1.11% BSI: 1.22% UTI: 2.56% RTI: 2.0% |
SSI: 12.3% BSI: 13.6% UTI: 28.4% RTI: 22.2% |
NA |
| 3 | Bunduki et al., 2021 [32] | Malawi | Single centre (department of surgery only) | ECDC | June 2020 | 105 | 12/105 (11.4%) | NA |
SSI: 33.3% BSI: 25.0% UTI: 33.3% Bone/Joint infection: 8.3% |
Surgery: 11.4% |
| 4 | Usman [22] | Nigeria | Multicentre (3 hospitals) | ECDC | April to May 2019 | 321 | 46/321 (14.3%) |
SSI: 5.0% BSI: 5.9% UTI: 2.56% Pneumonia: 1.9% GI: 1.6% EENTI: 0.6% SSTI: 0.3% |
SSI: 32.0% BSI: 38.0% UTI: 18.5% Pneumonia: 12.0% GI: 10.0% EENTI: 6.0% SSTI: 2.0% DAI: 2.5% |
Pediatric: 2.7% Neonatal: 53.6% Medical: 9.2% Surgical: 10.1% OBG: 10.0% Pediatric surgery: 14.6% |
| 5 | Chiguer et al., 2018 [28] | Morocco | Single centre | ECDC | June–July 2017 | 207 | 46/207 (22.2%) | NA |
SSI: 15.21% Systemic infection: 8.7% UTI: 17.39% LRTI: 8.7% GI: 10.0% EENTI: 2.17% SSTI: 10.87% |
NA |
| 6 | Yallew et al., 2016 [31] | Ethiopia |
Multicentre (2 hospitals) Repeated point-prevalence |
CDC | March to July 2015 | 908 | 135/908 (14.9%) |
SSI: 7.59% BSI: 2.09% UTI: 0.99% Pneumonia: 2.75% GI: 0.55% SSTI: 0.55% |
SSI: 51.1% BSI: 14.1% UTI: 6.7% Pneumonia: 18.5% GI: 3.7% SSTI: 3.7% |
NA |
| 7 | Ahoyo et al., 2014 [4] | Benin Republic | Multicentre (39 hospitals) | CDC | October 2012 | 3130 | 597/3130 (19.1%) | NA |
SSI: 19.2% IVCI: 27% BSI: 1.5% UTI: 37.5% LRTI: 11.7% |
|
| 8 | Jamoussi et al., 2018 [27] | Tunisia | Multicentre (15 ICUs) | NA | September 2017 | 103 | 32/103 (25.2%) |
Pneumonia: 18.4% CR infection: 4.8% BSI: 2.9% UTI: 2.9% SSTI: 0.9% Peritonitis: 0.9% |
Pneumonia: 59% CR infection: 15% |
ICU: 25.2% |
| 9 | Mpinda-Joseph et al., 2019 [21] | Botswana | Single centre | CDC | November 2017 | 347 | 47/347 (13.54%) | NA |
SSI: 23.4% Ventilator associated infection: 17% Debitucus ulcer: 10.6% LCBSI: 8.5% UTI: 6.4% |
ICU: 100% Nephrology: 50% SCBU: 41.9% Pediatric medical: 33.3% |
| 10 | Nair et al., 2018 [20] | South Africa | Single centre | CDC | February to March 2016 | 326 | 25/326 (7.67%) |
BSI: 0.92% SSI: 4.6% LRTI: 0.92% UTI: 1.53% |
BSI: 11.5% SSI: 57.7% LRTI: 11.5% UTI: 19.2% |
General surgery: 7.69% Internal medicine: 4.11% Paediatrics: 6.12% Orthopaedics: 15.56% OBG: 11.11% Ophthalmology: 0% |
| 11 | Olivier et al., 2018 [19] | South Africa | Multicentre (2 hospitals—pediatric and neonatal wards only) | CDC | December 2016 | 151 | 15/151 (9.9%) |
Pneumonia: 3.3% BSI: 1.9% UTI: 1.9% SSI: 0.6% |
Pneumonia: 33.3% BSI: 20.0% UTI: 20% |
Neonatal ward: 7.0% Paediatric: 11.7% |
| 12 | Ayed et al., 2019 [26] | Tunisia | Multicentre (2 hospitals) | CDC | July 2017 | 752 | 76/752 (10.0%) |
RTI: 4.0% UTI: 1.86% SSI: 1.6% EENTI: 0.8% BSI: 0.66% GI: 0.53% SSTI: 0.4% |
RTI: 36.6% UTI: 17.1% SSI: 14.6% EENTI: 7.3% BSI: 6.1% GI: 4.9% SSTI: 3.6% |
NA |
| 13 | Mahjoub et al., 2015 [25] | Tunisia | Single centre | CDC | 2012 | 312 | 39/312 (12.5%) | NA |
PVC: 42.2% RTI: 15.6% EENTI: 13.4% |
Medical: 22 (56.4%) Surgical: 17 (43.66%) |
| 14 | Razine et al., 2012 [24] | Morocco | Multicentre | CDC | January 13–15 2010 | 1195 | 116/1195 (9.7%) | NA |
UTI: 35% SSI: 29.3% LRTI: 10.6% BSI: 8.1% SSTI: 5.7% |
ICU: 34.5% OBG: 12.1% Surgery: 13.5 Pediatric: 9.7 Medical: 4.5% Pediatric surgery: 1.5% |
| 15 | Greco and Magombe, 2011 [30] | Uganda | Single centre | WHO | February 2010 | 410 | 115/410 (28.0%) | NA | NA | NA |
HAI healthcare-associated infections, CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO World Health Organisation, BSI bloodstream infection, SSI surgical site infection, UTI urinary tract infection, LRTI lower respiratory tract infection, RTI respiratory tract infection, GI gastrointestinal infection, SSTI skin and soft tissue infection, EENTI ear, eye, nose and throat infection, URTI upper respiratory tract infection, OR odds ratio, AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, NA not available