Table 2.

Assessment of risk of bias for the studies included in the review

Author name and year	Selection				Comparability	Outcomes		Quality score	Quality scale
	Representatives of sample	Sample size	Non-respondents	Ascertainment of exposure	Based on design and analysis	Assessment of outcomes	Statistical test
Labi et al., 2019 [23]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Ketata et al., 2021 [29]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Bunduki et al., 2021 [32]	–	*	NA	**	*	**	*	7	Good
Abubakar Usman [22]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Chiguer et al., 2018 [28]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Yallew et al., 2016 [31]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Ahoyo et al., 2014 [4]	*	*	NA	**	–	–	*	5	Moderate
Jamoussi et al., 2018 [27]	*	–	NA	*	*	–	*	4	Moderate
Mpinda-Joseph et al., 2019 [21]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	–	7	Good
Nair et al., 2018 [20]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Olivier et al., 2018 [19]	–	*	NA	**	–	–	–	2	Low
Ayed et al., 2019 [26]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Mahjoub et al., 2015 [25]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	–	7	Good
Razine et al., 2012 [24]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good
Greco and Magombe, 2011 [30]	*	*	NA	**	*	**	*	8	Good

NA not applicable