Table 4.
Distribution of microorganisms cultured in HAIs in Africa
| S/no. | Author and year | Microorganisms associated with HAIs | Percentage of HAIs with documented microbiological culture |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Labi et al., 2019 [23] | Gram negative: 16 | 23/184 (12.5%) |
| Gram positive: 7 | |||
| 2 | Ketata et al., 2021 [29] | Gram negative | 53 (65.4%) |
| a. K. pneumoniae: 12 | |||
| b. Escherichia coli: 11 | |||
| c. Acinetobacter baumanni: 5 | |||
| d. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 4 | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| a. Staphylococcus aureus: 10 | |||
| b. Enterococcus faecalis: 4 | |||
| c. Streptococcus pneumoniae: 1 | |||
| Candida albican: 1 | |||
| 3 | Abubakar [22] | Gram negative: 2 (50%) | 4/46 (8.7%) |
| a. E. coli: 1 | |||
| b. Proteus spp.: 1 | |||
| Gram positive: 2 (50%) | |||
| a. S. aureus: 1 | |||
| b. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA): 1 | |||
| 5 | Yallew et al., 2016 [31] | Gram negative: (…%) | |
| a. Klebsiella spp. (22.44%) | |||
| b. P. aeruginosa (18.36%) | |||
| c. E. coli (16.32%) | |||
| d. Enterobacter spp. (12.24%) | |||
| e. Proteus spp. (6.12%) | |||
| f. Citrobacter spp. (6.12%) | |||
| g. K. pneumoniae (4.08%) | |||
| h. Acinetobacter spp. (4.08%) | |||
| i. Serratia spp. (2.04%) | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| a. S. aureus (20.40%) | |||
| b. S. pneumoniae (10.20%) | |||
| 6 | Ahoyo et al., 2014 [4] | Gram negative | |
| a. E. coli: 22.7% | |||
| b. P. aeruginosa: 11.3% | |||
| c. Salmonella spp.: 4.2% | |||
| d. Citrobacter spp.: 2.7% | |||
| e. A. baumanii: 1% | |||
| f. Other GNR (99) 10.2 | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| a. S. aureus: 27.9% | |||
| b. Enterococci: 10.5% | |||
| c. CNS (47) 4.9 | |||
| Candida spp. (15) 1.5 | |||
| Undetermined (30) 3.1 | |||
| 7 | Jamoussi et al., 2018 [27] | Gram negative | 21/32 (66%) |
| a. P. aeroginosa: 10 cases | |||
| b. A. baumanii: 2 cases | |||
| c. K. pneumoniae: 4 cases | |||
| d. P. mirabilis: 2 cases | |||
| e. Citrobacter freundii: one case | |||
| 8 | Nair et al., 2018 [20] | Gram negative | |
| a. K. pneumoniae: 4 cases | |||
| b. P. aeruginosa: 2 cases | |||
| c. A. baumannii: 1 case | |||
| d. Enterobacter cloacae: 1 case | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| a. S. aureus: 2 cases | |||
| Candida albicans: 1 case | |||
| 9 | Olivier et al., 2018 [19] | Gram negative | 6/15 (40%) |
| a. E. coli = 2 | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| b. Group B Streptococci: n = 2 | |||
| c. S. aureus: n = 1, Candida albicans: n = 1 | |||
| 10 | Ayed et al., 2019 [26] | Gram negative | 52/82 (63.4%) |
| a. E. coli: 5 (9.6%) | |||
| b. K. pneumoniae: 5 (9.6%) | |||
| c. A. baumannii: 6 (11.5%) | |||
| d. P. aeruginosa: 8 (15.4%) | |||
| e. S. pneumoniae: 4 (7.7%) | |||
| f. N. meningitidis: 2 (3.8%) | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| a. E. faecalis: 3 (5.8%) | |||
| b. S. aureus: 3 (5.8%) | |||
| Fungi | |||
| a. C. albican: 4 (7.7%) | |||
| b. A. fumigatus: 6 (11.5%) | |||
| 11 | Mahjoub et al., 2015 [25] | Gram negative: 4 | 6/45 (13.3%) |
| 12 | Razine et al., 2012 [24] | Gram negative | 75/123 (61%) |
| a. E. coli (14.7%) | |||
| b. K pneumoniae (14.7%) | |||
| Gram positive | |||
| a. Staphylococcus (18.7%) |