Table 2.

Summary of results by level/type of disparity and pandemic.

Main results	Influenza pandemic	Citation
Less affluent neighborhoods had worse outcomes compared to more affluent neighborhoods	1918	Clay, 2019 (Clay et al., 2019), Mamelund, 2006 (Mamelund, 2006), Grantz, 2016 (Grantz et al., 2016)
	2009	Rutter, 2012 (Rutter et al., 2012), Thompson, 2011 (Thompson et al., 2011), Levy (Levy et al., 2013), Balter, 2010 (Balter et al., 2010), Lowcock, 2012 (Lowcock et al., 2012)
Individuals of low SES had worse outcomes compared to individuals of high SES	1918	Sydenstricker, 1931 (Sydenstricker, 1931), Wilson, 2018 (Wilson et al., 2018), Mamelund, 2018 (Mamelund, 1918)
	2009	Lowcock, 2012 (Lowcock et al., 2012), Mayoral, 2013 (Mayoral et al., 2013), Levy, 2013 (Levy et al., 2013)
Racial/ethnic minority groups had worse outcomes than whites	1918	Økland, 2019 (Økland & Mamelund, 2019), Gamble, 2010 (Gamble, 2010), Frankel, 1919 (Frankel & Dublin, 1919)
	2009	Quinn, 2011 (Quinn et al., 2011), Dee, 2011 (Dee et al., 2011), Placzek, 2014 (Placzek & Madoff, 2014), Soyemi, 2014 (Soyemi et al., 2014), Mayoral, 2013 (Mayoral et al., 2013), Truelove, 2011 (Truelove et al., 2011), Thompson, 2011 (Thompson et al., 2011), Levy, 2013 (Levy et al., 2013), Navaranjan, 2014 (Navaranjan et al., 2014), Castrodale, 2009 (Castrodale, 2009), Brewer, 1918 (Brewer, 1918), Nyland, 2015 (Nyland et al., 2015), Esteban-Vasallo, 2012 (Esteban-Vasallo et al., 2012)
	1918, 1957, 2009	Wilson, 2012 (Wilson et al., 2012)
Racial/ethnic minority groups had increased risk of exposure compared to whites	2009	Kumar, 2012 (Kumar et al., 2012), Quinn, 2011 (Quinn et al., 2011)
Individuals of low SES/living in less affluent neighborhoods/racial/ethnic minorities had better outcomes	1918	Gamble, 2010 (Gamble, 2010), Grantz, 2016 (Grantz et al., 2016), Mamelund, 2018 (Mamelund, 1918), Frankel, 1919 (Frankel & Dublin, 1919), Britten, 1932, Brewer, 1918 (Brewer, 1918)
	2009	Placzek, 2014 (Placzek & Madoff, 2014), Nyland, 2015 (Nyland et al., 2015), Esteban-Vasallo, 2012 (Esteban-Vasallo et al., 2012)

Footnote: SES = socioeconomic status; a study may be included in multiple rows if it includes multiple results or disparities.