Table 1.
Characteristics of eligible patients categorised by the occurrence of in-hospital death
| Variable | Category | Total | Not experiencing in-hospital death | Experiencing in-hospital death | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3,952 | n = 3,602 | n = 350 | |||
| Age (years) | 83.1 (8.7) | 82.9 (8.7) | 85.7 (7.6) | < 0.001 | |
| Male | 1,732 (43.8%) | 1,575 (43.7%) | 157 (44.9%) | 0.68 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.3 (4.0) | 21.5 (4.0) | 19.8 (4.0) | < 0.001 | |
| BMI category | Low, ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 | 987 (25.0%) | 841 (23.3%) | 146 (41.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Medium–low, 18.6–21.0 kg/m2 | 989 (25.0%) | 912 (25.3%) | 77 (22.0%) | ||
| Medium–high, 21.1–23.7 kg/m2 | 986 (24.9%) | 918 (25.5%) | 68 (19.4%) | ||
| High, ≥ 23.8 kg/m2 | 990 (25.1%) | 931 (25.8%) | 59 (16.9%) | ||
| BMI category in Japan | Lean, < 18.5 kg/m2 | 969 (24.5%) | 825 (22.9%) | 144 (41.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Normal, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 2,329 (58.9%) | 2,158 (59.9%) | 171 (48.9%) | ||
| Obese, ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 | 654 (16.5%) | 619 (17.2%) | 35 (10.0%) | ||
| Smoking history | Non-smoker | 2,440 (61.7%) | 2,205 (61.2%) | 235 (67.1%) | 0.029 |
| Current/past smoker | 1,512 (38.3%) | 1,397 (38.8%) | 115 (32.9%) | ||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 40.6 (13.6) | 41.0 (13.3) | 36.6 (15.7) | < 0.001 | |
| CKD staging | CKD stage G3 | 3,054 (77.3%) | 2,829 (78.5%) | 225 (64.3%) | < 0.001 |
| CKD stage G4 | 674 (17.1%) | 589 (16.4%) | 85 (24.3%) | ||
| CKD stage G5 | 224 (5.7%) | 184 (5.1%) | 40 (11.4%) | ||
| Creatinine clearance (ml/min) | 31.8 (14.3) | 32.5 (14.3) | 25.0 (12.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Dehydration | 2,414 (61.1%) | 2,129 (59.1%) | 285 (81.4%) | < 0.001 | |
| Respiratory failure | None | 2,129 (53.9%) | 2,030 (56.4%) | 99 (28.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate | 1,301 (32.9%) | 1,181 (32.8%) | 120 (34.3%) | ||
| Severe | 522 (13.2%) | 391 (10.9%) | 131 (37.4%) | ||
| Orientation disturbance | 648 (16.4%) | 495 (13.7%) | 153 (43.7%) | < 0.001 | |
| Immunosuppression | 664 (16.8%) | 588 (16.3%) | 76 (21.7%) | 0.010 | |
| Pulmonary consolidation | 1,033 (26.1%) | 882 (24.5%) | 151 (43.1%) | < 0.001 | |
| Hypotension on admission | 288 (7.3%) | 223 (6.2%) | 65 (18.6%) | < 0.001 | |
| Pneumonia type | Community-acquired | 3,724 (94.2%) | 3,412 (94.7%) | 312 (89.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Nursing and healthcare-associated | 228 (5.8%) | 190 (5.3%) | 38 (10.9%) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.7 (1.7) | 1.6 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.9) | < 0.001 | |
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) for continuous measures and as n (%) for categorical measures
BMI Body mass index, CKD Chronic kidney disease