Table 1.

Antimicrobial resistance associated with COVID-19 study characteristics

Author, year	Country	Health care setting	Acquisition	AMR measure	Directionalitya						Risk of bias
					MRSA	VRE	PsA	Abau	ESBL	CRE
Baker MA [13], 2021	United States	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Incidence per COVID-19 rate	↑	↑					Moderate
Belvisi V [14], 2021	Italy	ICU only	Not specified	Point prevalence, incidence density						↑	High
Bentivegna E [15], 2021	Italy	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Incidence	↓		↓				High
Castro MG [16], 2022	Argentina	All hospitalized	Both	Incidence density						↑	Moderate
Chamieh A [17], 2021	Lebanon	All hospitalized	Both	Incidence density		↓	↑	↓		↓	Moderate
Despotovic A [18], 2021	Serbia	ICU only	Health care–acquired	Proportion		↑	↑	↑	↓	↑	Moderate
Evans ME [19], 2022	United States	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Incidence density	↑						Moderate
Gaspar GG [20], 2021	Brazil	ICU only	Not specified	Incidence density				↑			Moderate
Gisselo KL [21], 2022	Denmark	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Incidence		↓					Low
Guven DC [22], 2021	Turkey	Palliative oncology	Health care–acquired	Proportion	↑				↑	↑	Moderate
Hirabayashi A [23], 2021	Japan	All hospitalized	Both	Proportion	↑		↑		↑		Moderate
Jeon [24]K, 2022	South Korea	ICU only	Both	Incidence density	↓	↑	↓	↓		↑	Moderate
La Vecchia A [25], 2022	Italy	All hospitalized	Both	Proportion	↓						Moderate
Lemenand O [26], 2021	France	Community	Community-acquired	Proportion					↓		Low
Lo SH [27], 2020	Taiwan	All hospitalized	Not specified	Incidence density	↓	↓	↑	↓			Moderate
Mares C [28], 2022	Romania	Hospitalized/non-hospitalized	Both	Proportion		↑	↑		↑	↑	Moderate
McNeil MJ [29], 2021	United States	All hospitalized	Community-acquired	Incidence	↓						Moderate
Micozzi A [30], 2021	Italy	Malignant haematology	Both	Proportion						↓	Low
O'Riordan F [31], 2022	Ireland	All hospitalized	Both	Proportion		↓			↓	↑	High
Ochoa-Hein E [32], 2021	Mexico	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Incidence density	↓		↑	↓	↑	↑	Moderate
Polemis M [33], 2021	Greece	All hospitalized	Both	Proportion	↑	↑	↓	↑		↑	Moderate
Polly M [34], 2022	Brazil	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Incidence density	↑	↓	↓	↑		↑	Moderate
Porto APM [35], 2022	Brazil	ICU only	Health care–acquired	Incidence density	↑	↑				↑	Low
Tham N [36], 2022	Australia	Surgical	Health care–acquired	Incidence	↑	↑			↑		Moderate
Tizkam HH [37], 2020	Iraq	All hospitalized	Not specified	Proportion			↑		↑	↑	High
Wardoyo EH [38], 2021	Indonesia	Hospitalized/non-hospitalized	Not specified	Proportion					↓		High
Wee LEI [39], 2021	Singapore	All hospitalized	Both	Incidence density	↓		↑			↓	Low
Weiner-Lastinger LM [40], 2022	United States	All hospitalized	Health care–acquired	Standardized infection ratio	↑						Moderate

Abau, multi-drug resistant or carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii; AMR, antimicrobial resistance; CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing organism; ICU, intensive care unit; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; PsA, multi-drug resistant or carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; VRE, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.

^aDirectionality refers to a numerical change in AMR during COVID-19 compared with before the pandemic.