Table 2.
Overview of components of food matrices which can mediate bacterial Quorum Sensing Inhibition (QSI) or related phenotypes, such as biofilm inhibition and sporulation.
| Food component | Examples | QS system or phenotype affected | Bacteria affected | Concentration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic acids | Lactic acid | AHL; Anti-biofilm | Chromobacterium violaceum CV026; E. coli; Salmonella sp. | 0.2–1% | Amrutha, Sundar and Shetty, (2017) |
| Acetic acid | AHL; Anti-biofilm | C. violaceum CV026; E. coli; Salmonella sp. | 1–1.5% | ||
| Citric acid | AHL; Anti-biofilm | C. violaceum CV026, E. coli; Salmonella sp. | 1.5–2% | ||
| Malic acid | AI-2 | E. coli O157:H7; S. Typhimurium | 4% | Almasoud et al., (2016) | |
| Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) | AHL | P. aeruginosa | 5–12·5 mg/ml | El-Mowafy, Shaaban and Abd El Galil, (2014); Pandit et al., 2017) | |
| Sporulation; AI-2 | C. perfringens, | 10 to 30 mM (sporulation); 300 mM (AI-2) |
Novak and Fratamico, (2006) | ||
| AI-2 | E. coli EMC17 | 125 mM | Shivaprasad et al., (2021) | ||
| AIP (ComC) | B. subtilis | 10 to 40 mM | Pandit et al., (2017) | ||
| Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs) | Mono-unsaturated palmitoleic myristoleic acids | AHL | Acinetobacter baumannii | 0.02 mg/ml | Nicol et al., (2018) |
| Linoleic acid | DSF | P. aeruginosa | 10 μM | Kim et al., (2021) | |
| Fatty acids produced by fungal endophyte of Coriandrum sativum | Anti-biofilm | S. mutans | 31.3 mg/l | Abdel-Aziz, Emam and Raafat, (2020) | |
| Oleic acid (Cis-9-octadecenoic acid) | Anti-biofilm | S. aureus | 0.1% v/v | Stenz et al., (2008) | |
| AHL | C. violaceum CV026; | 3.696 mg/ml | Singh et al., (2013) | ||
| Palmitic acid (C16:0), Stearic acid (C18:0), Oleic acid (C18:1ω9), Linoleic acid (C18:2ω6) | AI-2 | V. harveyi, E. coli | 1–10 mM | Soni et al., (2008) | |
| Endocannabinoids | Endocannabinoid 2-AG (arachidonic acid derivative) | AI-3 (via QseC) | EHEC, Citrobacter rodentium | Not quantified – 2-AG levels were elevated in intervention group via knockout of monoacylglycerol lipase (Mgll) | Ellermann et al., (2021) |
| Furanones | Brominated, halogenated and natural forms in seaweeds, tomatoes, strawberries and other berries; synthetic derivatives | AHL | P. aeruginosa | 3.125–50 μM | Colin Slaughter, (1999); Manefield et al., (1999); Proctor, McCarron and Ternan, (2020) |
| AI-2 | Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus | 20 mg/l | Defoirdt et al., (2006) | ||
| Anti-biofilm | S. Typhimurium; L. monocytogenes; | 10 to 15 μM (S. Typhimurium); 0.05 mmol/l at 24 h, 2 mmol/l at 48 h (L. monocytogenes) | Janssens et al., (2008); Rodríguez-López et al., (2019) | ||
| Coumarin | Dihydrocoumarin | Anti-biofilm | Hafnia alvei | 3.2 mM | Hou et al., (2017) |
| AHL | C. violaceum CV026 | 6.3 mM | |||
| Coumarin from Cinnamomum verum | AHL | P. aeruginosa (pqsA, rhlI, lasI) | 1.36 mM | Gutiérrez-Barranquero et al., (2015) | |
| Vitamin B2 | Riboflavin and derivatives | AHL (LasR system) | P. aeruginosa | 200 μM (effective soluble concentration) | Rajamani et al., (2008) |
| Steviol glycosides | Steviol | AHL (las / rhl systems) | E. coli K802NR-pSB1075 (las); P. aeruginosa PAO-JP2 (pKD-rhlA) (rhl) | 0.26–0.52 mM (las); 0.0325–0.52 mM (rhl) | Markus et al., (2020) |
| Reb A | 0.019375–0.31 mM (rhl) | ||||
| Stevioside | 0.5–1.0 mM (las); 1 mM (rhl) |