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. 2022 Dec 9;15:9. doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00979-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Experimental setup and b the schematic configuration of the TIM performance measurement system. c T_heater evolution as a function of heating time at an applied power of 200 W. d, e The steady-state T_heater versus the applied power. f The simulated κ_eff and R_total of the applied TIM as a function of T_heater. g Simulated temperature profiles for cases with VAGM, Carbonaut thermal pad and LM-VAGM as TIMs. h Thermal cycling stability of the cooling system with LM-VAGM as TIM in cyclic heating/cooling tests