Table 5.

Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Tool for Bias in Cross-Sectional Studies

No.	Author (publishing year)	(a) Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?	(b) Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?	(c) Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way?	(d) Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition?	(e) Were confounding factors identified?	(f) Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?	(g) Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?	(h) Was appropriate analysis used?
23	McGann et al. (2015)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
24	Carr etal. (2016)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
25	Lindberg et al. (2018)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
26	Renaud etal. (2018)	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Note. Yes responses shaded in green.