Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to the main clinical course during the observation period.
| N | All (n = 1024) | Clinical course |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive (n = 637) | Fluctuating (n = 66) | Negative (n = 321) | |||
| Age (years) | 78.07 (9.32) | 77.25 (9.36) | 72.29 (8.55) | 80.88 (8.51) | <0.001 |
| Women | 513 (50.1) | 342 (53.7) | 28 (42.4) | 143 (44.5) | 0.012 |
| Living arrangementa | <0.001 | ||||
| At home, alone | 521 (50.9) | 355 (55.7) | 52 (78.8) | 114 (35.5) | |
| At home, assisted | 196 (19.1) | 113 (17.7) | 3 (4.5) | 80 (24.9) | |
| Institutionalized | 189 (18.5) | 111 (17.4) | 3 (4.5) | 75 (23.4) | |
| Low mobility levela | 373 (36.4) | 206 (32.3) | 4 (6.1) | 163 (50.8) | <0.001 |
| Smoking habitsa | 0.027 | ||||
| Never | 367 (35.8) | 222 (34.9) | 31 (47.0) | 114 (35.5) | |
| Former | 149 (14.6) | 83 (13.0) | 14 (21.2) | 52 (16.2) | |
| Current | 26 (2.5) | 14 (2.2) | 3 (4.5) | 9 (2.8) | |
| Covid-19 wave II | 126 (12.3) | 76 (11.9) | 16 (24.2) | 34 (10.6) | 0.008 |
| N. chronic diseases | 4.06 (2.66) | 3.88 (2.65) | 3.50 (2.38) | 4.53 (2.67) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 258 (25.2) | 163 (25.6) | 17 (25.8) | 78 (24.3) | 0.905 |
| Chronic liver diseases | 24 (2.3) | 14 (2.2) | 3 (4.5) | 7 (2.2) | 0.474 |
| Osteoporosis | 277 (27.1) | 181 (28.4) | 8 (12.1) | 88 (27.4) | 0.018 |
| Osteoarthrosis | 219 (21.4) | 141 (22.1) | 7 (10.6) | 71 (22.1) | 0.087 |
| Hypertension | 694 (67.8) | 425 (66.7) | 45 (68.2) | 224 (69.8) | 0.631 |
| CVD | 590 (57.6) | 338 (53.1) | 42 (63.6) | 210 (65.4) | 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 111 (10.8) | 59 (9.3) | 4 (6.1) | 48 (15.0) | 0.012 |
| Chronic respiratory diseases | 146 (14.3) | 87 (13.7) | 8 (12.1) | 51 (15.9) | 0.568 |
| CKD | 135 (13.2) | 79 (12.4) | 3 (4.5) | 53 (16.5) | 0.021 |
| Depressive disorders | 181 (17.7) | 114 (17.9) | 11 (16.7) | 56 (17.4) | 0.961 |
| Cognitive disorders | 164 (16.0) | 100 (15.7) | 1 (1.5) | 63 (19.6) | 0.001 |
| Obesity | 153 (14.9) | 82 (12.9) | 17 (25.8) | 54 (16.8) | 0.01 |
| WHO status at ward admission | <0.001 | ||||
| Mild disease, no O2 | 303 (29.6) | 232 (36.4) | 23 (34.8) | 48 (15.0) | |
| Mild disease, low-flow O2 | 445 (43.5) | 270 (42.4) | 38 (57.6) | 137 (42.7) | |
| Severe disease, high-flow O2/NIV | 248 (24.2) | 117 (18.4) | 5 (7.6) | 126 (39.3) | |
| Severe disease, organ support | 28 (2.7) | 18 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (3.1) | |
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular diseases; CKD, chronic kidney disease; WHO, World Health Organization.
a
Missing values in living arrangements (n = 118), mobility level (n = 31), smoking habits (n = 482). P-values refer to the comparison between different categories of clinical trajectory.