Table 1. Some of the normal PrP and APP physiological functions.

PrP, prion protein; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; APP, β-amyloid precursor protein 

PrPC
Function	Effects and properties
Stress and neuroprotection	Anti-oxidative stress response [52-53] protection from ER-stress induced apoptosis [54]
Regulation of autophagy	Supports autophagy by facilitating autophagosome-lysosomal fusion [55]
Regulation in cancer progression	Induction of cell survival in tumor cells [56]
APP
Stimulation of cellular growth	Proper neurite outgrowth [57]
Neural stem cells viability	Increases and sustains the proliferation of neural progenitor cells [58-59]
Regulation of synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory	Supports dendritic spine formation during development [60]; enhances NMDAR function [61]
Regulation of blood coagulation and wound repair	Accumulation in platelet α granules and release during wound healing [62] Anti-coagulant properties to regulate thrombosis after cerebral vascular injury [63]