|
Category I—Mortality outcomes |
1 |
Elliot et al., United Kingdom [25] |
Prospective cohort study |
Median follow-up 5 years |
Spot urine |
Mortality and incident cardiovascular disease |
No |
Spot urine |
|
Category II - Morbidity outcomes |
2 |
Sadanaga et al., Japan [26] |
Post hoc (sub-group) analysis of a prospective cohort study |
5.2 years |
Spot urine |
Compositie CVD events (Heart failure, hospitalisation, acute coronary syndrome) |
No |
Spot urine |
|
Catorory III - Symptoms/ Quality of life/Functional status outcomes |
3 |
Lana et al., Spain [27] |
Prospective cohort study |
5 years |
Diet recall (history) |
Physical performance |
Yes |
|
|
Category IV - Clinical surrogate outcomes (Blood pressure) |
4 |
Arantes et al., Brazil [28] |
Intervention study (no control) |
5 months |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure (central and ambulatory) |
No |
Intervention study- no control group. No change in sodium intake assessed by 24 h urine excretion |
5 |
Arvizu et al., Denmark [29] |
Prospective cohort study |
Duration of pregnancy |
FFQ |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy |
No |
FFQ, short-term follow-up |
6 |
Babcock M, United States [30] |
RCT cross-over |
10 days |
24 h urine |
Exercise induced blood pressure |
No |
RCT less than 4 weeks |
7 |
Bovee et al., Netherlands [31] |
RCT cross-over |
2 weeks |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure, kidney function and fluid balance |
No |
RCT less than 4 weeks |
8 |
Chaudhary et al., United States [32] |
RCT cross over (reanalysis of DASH sodium trial data) |
4 weeks |
24 h urine |
Systolic blood pressure |
No |
Examined sodium and potassium ratio as exposure variable |
9 |
Elfassy et al., United States [33] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure control among individuals with hypertension |
No |
Cross sectional |
10 |
Han et al., China [34] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure |
No |
Cross sectional |
11 |
Humalda et al., Netherlands [35] |
Randomsied controlled trial |
3 month intervention plus 6 months maintenance |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure, proteinuria, costs, quality of life, self management skills |
No |
Difference in sodium intake too small (28 mmol/day after 3 months and no difference after maintenance phase) |
12 |
Kolahdooz et al., Canada [36] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
24 h diet recall |
Blood pressure |
No |
Cross-sectional study design |
13 |
Kwon et al., Republic of Korea [37] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
Semi-quantitative FFQ |
Blood pressure |
No |
Semi-quantitative FFQ for sodium assessment |
14 |
Li et al., United States [38] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
Two 24 h recalls |
Blood pressure |
No |
Cross-sectional study design |
15 |
Lin et al., China [39] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
FFQ |
Blood pressure |
No |
Cross-sectional study design, FFQ |
16 |
Migdal, Babcock et al., United States [40] |
Crossover RCT (feeding study) |
10 days each |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure variability |
No |
Study duration <4 weeks |
17 |
Migdal, Robinson et al., United States [41] |
Crossover RCT (single meal study) |
Two single days, separated by 1 week |
Not measured- meal composition was exposure variable |
Postprandial, post-exertion blood pressure response |
No |
Study duration <4 weeks |
18 |
Naser et al., Bangladesh [42] |
Validation study |
|
24 h urine and spot urine |
Blood pressure |
No |
Cross-sectional study design |
19 |
Panuccio et al., Italy [43] |
Randomised controlled trial |
6 months |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure, 24 h urinary sodium |
No |
Implementation study: Tested urinary chloride strips to see if they promoted HTN control and Na adherence in a CKD population |
20 |
Reynoso-Marreors et al., Peru [44] |
Quasi-experimental study |
8 weeks, (4 week intervention) |
Not measured- meal composition |
Blood pressure |
No |
No measure of sodium intake, no control group |
21 |
Shenouda et al., United States [45] |
Cross over RCT (feeding study) |
14 days total (7 days per diet) |
24 h urine |
Blood pressure and low-flow mediated vascular constriction |
No |
Duration <4 weeks |
22 |
Sougawa et al., Japan [46] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
FFQ |
Blood pressure |
No |
Cross sectional |
|
Category V - Clinical surrogate outcomes (Other) |
23 |
Kang et al., Republic of Korea [47] |
Prospective cohort study |
Median follow-up 4.3 years |
24 h urine |
Composite renal outcome, which was defined as either halving the estimated glomerular filtration rate or developing end-stage renal disease. |
Yes |
|
24 |
Van den Berg et al., Netherlands [48] |
Cross sectional analysis of a prospecitve cohort |
N/A |
Two 24 h urine |
Fatty liver index, hepatic steatosis |
No |
Cross-sectional study design |
|
Category VI – Physiologic surrogate outcomes |
25 |
Adolf et al., Germany [49] |
Clinical cohort study |
3 years |
24 h urine |
Salt intake |
No |
Oucome salt intake, fewer than 400 patients (n = 323) |
26 |
Babcock M, United States [50] |
RCT cross-over |
10 days |
24 h urine |
Plasma volume, post exercise |
No |
RCT less than 4 weeks |
27 |
Baldo et al., Brazil [51] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
12 h urine |
Arterial stiffness (carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity) |
No |
Cross sectional, 12 h urine |
28 |
Bossola et al., Italy [52] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
3 day diet record |
Intake of other nutrients |
No |
cross sectional, outcome was associated nutrient intake, not health outcome |
29 |
Braconnier et al., Swizerland [53] |
Intervention study, randomised, cross over |
5 days |
24 h urine |
Sweat and muscle sodium |
No |
Intervention study, 5 days intervention period |
30 |
Burgermaster et al., N/A [54] |
Systematic review and meta-analysis: RCTs and cohort studies |
Varied |
24 h urine, self report and 3 day diet record |
Various |
No |
Not health outcomes |
31 |
Chen et al., United States [55] |
Cross over study |
5–7 days |
24 h urine |
Mean 24 h urinary free cortisol |
No |
Short intervention period |
32 |
Chen et al., United States [56] |
RCT cross-over |
6 weeks |
No measure sodium intake |
Circulating short-chain fatty acids |
No |
No measure of sodium intake |
33 |
Choi et al., Republic of Korea [57] |
Observational cross sectional |
N/A |
Spot urine |
Triglycerides |
No |
Cross sectional, spot urine |
34 |
Jardine et al., China [58] |
Cluster randomised controlled trial |
18 months |
24 h urine |
Albuminuria |
No |
Difference between groups only 14 mmol/day |
35 |
Kramers et al., Netherlands [59] |
Prospective cohort study |
4 years |
24 h urine at baseline and weeks 12, 48, 96, 120 and 132 |
eGFR |
No |
Category VI outcome (physiologic surrogate outcome) |
36 |
Lobene et al., United States [60] |
Validation study |
N/A |
Spot urine |
Urinary sodium |
No |
Spot urine/ validation study |
37 |
Martinelli et al., Brazil [61] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
24 h urine and an FFQ |
Salt taste sensitivity |
No |
Cross-sectional study design |
38 |
Petermann-Rocha et al., Chile [62] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
Spot urine |
Sociodemographic variables |
No |
Cross-sectional study design, spot urine |
39 |
Wright et al., Australia [63] |
Cross sectional |
N/A |
24 h urine |
Behavioural factors associated with sodium intake |
No |
Cross-sectional study design |
40 |
Wenstedt et al., Netherlands [64] |
Cross over RCT |
16 days (8 days per diet) |
Six 24 h urine (three per diet) |
Extracellular fluid volume |
No |
Study period <4 weeks |
41 |
Yoshimura et al., Japan [65] |
Prospective cohort study |
1 year |
Spot urine |
Albuminuria |
No |
Spot urine intake |