Skip to main content
. 2022 Jun 10;36(12):1048–1058. doi: 10.1038/s41371-022-00710-z

Table 1.

Summary of 41 studies identified from September 2019 to December 2020 and eligibiltiy for full-text review.

Study (Country) Study design Study duration Method of sodium intake measurement Outcomes Eligible for detailed critical appraisal Reson for exclusion from detailed critical appraisal
Category I—Mortality outcomes
1 Elliot et al., United Kingdom [25] Prospective cohort study Median follow-up 5 years Spot urine Mortality and incident cardiovascular disease No Spot urine
Category II - Morbidity outcomes
2 Sadanaga et al., Japan [26] Post hoc (sub-group) analysis of a prospective cohort study 5.2 years Spot urine Compositie CVD events (Heart failure, hospitalisation, acute coronary syndrome) No Spot urine
Catorory III - Symptoms/ Quality of life/Functional status outcomes
3 Lana et al., Spain [27] Prospective cohort study 5 years Diet recall (history) Physical performance Yes
Category IV - Clinical surrogate outcomes (Blood pressure)
4 Arantes et al., Brazil [28] Intervention study (no control) 5 months 24 h urine Blood pressure (central and ambulatory) No Intervention study- no control group. No change in sodium intake assessed by 24 h urine excretion
5 Arvizu et al., Denmark [29] Prospective cohort study Duration of pregnancy FFQ Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy No FFQ, short-term follow-up
6 Babcock M, United States [30] RCT cross-over 10 days 24 h urine Exercise induced blood pressure No RCT less than 4 weeks
7 Bovee et al., Netherlands [31] RCT cross-over 2 weeks 24 h urine Blood pressure, kidney function and fluid balance No RCT less than 4 weeks
8 Chaudhary et al., United States [32] RCT cross over (reanalysis of DASH sodium trial data) 4 weeks 24 h urine Systolic blood pressure No Examined sodium and potassium ratio as exposure variable
9 Elfassy et al., United States [33] Cross sectional N/A 24 h urine Blood pressure control among individuals with hypertension No Cross sectional
10 Han et al., China [34] Cross sectional N/A 24 h urine Blood pressure No Cross sectional
11 Humalda et al., Netherlands [35] Randomsied controlled trial 3 month intervention plus 6 months maintenance 24 h urine Blood pressure, proteinuria, costs, quality of life, self management skills No Difference in sodium intake too small (28 mmol/day after 3 months and no difference after maintenance phase)
12 Kolahdooz et al., Canada [36] Cross sectional N/A 24 h diet recall Blood pressure No Cross-sectional study design
13 Kwon et al., Republic of Korea [37] Cross sectional N/A Semi-quantitative FFQ Blood pressure No Semi-quantitative FFQ for sodium assessment
14 Li et al., United States [38] Cross sectional N/A Two 24 h recalls Blood pressure No Cross-sectional study design
15 Lin et al., China [39] Cross sectional N/A FFQ Blood pressure No Cross-sectional study design, FFQ
16 Migdal, Babcock et al., United States [40] Crossover RCT (feeding study) 10 days each 24 h urine Blood pressure variability No Study duration <4 weeks
17 Migdal, Robinson et al., United States [41] Crossover RCT (single meal study) Two single days, separated by 1 week Not measured- meal composition was exposure variable Postprandial, post-exertion blood pressure response No Study duration <4 weeks
18 Naser et al., Bangladesh [42] Validation study 24 h urine and spot urine Blood pressure No Cross-sectional study design
19 Panuccio et al., Italy [43] Randomised controlled trial 6 months 24 h urine Blood pressure, 24 h urinary sodium No Implementation study: Tested urinary chloride strips to see if they promoted HTN control and Na adherence in a CKD population
20 Reynoso-Marreors et al., Peru [44] Quasi-experimental study 8 weeks, (4 week intervention) Not measured- meal composition Blood pressure No No measure of sodium intake, no control group
21 Shenouda et al., United States [45] Cross over RCT (feeding study) 14 days total (7 days per diet) 24 h urine Blood pressure and low-flow mediated vascular constriction No Duration <4 weeks
22 Sougawa et al., Japan [46] Cross sectional N/A FFQ Blood pressure No Cross sectional
Category V - Clinical surrogate outcomes (Other)
23 Kang et al., Republic of Korea [47] Prospective cohort study Median follow-up 4.3 years 24 h urine Composite renal outcome, which was defined as either halving the estimated glomerular filtration rate or developing end-stage renal disease. Yes
24 Van den Berg et al., Netherlands [48] Cross sectional analysis of a prospecitve cohort N/A Two 24 h urine Fatty liver index, hepatic steatosis No Cross-sectional study design
Category VI – Physiologic surrogate outcomes
25 Adolf et al., Germany [49] Clinical cohort study 3 years 24 h urine Salt intake No Oucome salt intake, fewer than 400 patients (n = 323)
26 Babcock M, United States [50] RCT cross-over 10 days 24 h urine Plasma volume, post exercise No RCT less than 4 weeks
27 Baldo et al., Brazil [51] Cross sectional N/A 12 h urine Arterial stiffness (carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity) No Cross sectional, 12 h urine
28 Bossola et al., Italy [52] Cross sectional N/A 3 day diet record Intake of other nutrients No cross sectional, outcome was associated nutrient intake, not health outcome
29 Braconnier et al., Swizerland [53] Intervention study, randomised, cross over 5 days 24 h urine Sweat and muscle sodium No Intervention study, 5 days intervention period
30 Burgermaster et al., N/A [54] Systematic review and meta-analysis: RCTs and cohort studies Varied 24 h urine, self report and 3 day diet record Various No Not health outcomes
31 Chen et al., United States [55] Cross over study 5–7 days 24 h urine Mean 24 h urinary free cortisol No Short intervention period
32 Chen et al., United States [56] RCT cross-over 6 weeks No measure sodium intake Circulating short-chain fatty acids No No measure of sodium intake
33 Choi et al., Republic of Korea [57] Observational cross sectional N/A Spot urine Triglycerides No Cross sectional, spot urine
34 Jardine et al., China [58] Cluster randomised controlled trial 18 months 24 h urine Albuminuria No Difference between groups only 14 mmol/day
35 Kramers et al., Netherlands [59] Prospective cohort study 4 years 24 h urine at baseline and weeks 12, 48, 96, 120 and 132 eGFR No Category VI outcome (physiologic surrogate outcome)
36 Lobene et al., United States [60] Validation study N/A Spot urine Urinary sodium No Spot urine/ validation study
37 Martinelli et al., Brazil [61] Cross sectional N/A 24 h urine and an FFQ Salt taste sensitivity No Cross-sectional study design
38 Petermann-Rocha et al., Chile [62] Cross sectional N/A Spot urine Sociodemographic variables No Cross-sectional study design, spot urine
39 Wright et al., Australia [63] Cross sectional N/A 24 h urine Behavioural factors associated with sodium intake No Cross-sectional study design
40 Wenstedt et al., Netherlands [64] Cross over RCT 16 days (8 days per diet) Six 24 h urine (three per diet) Extracellular fluid volume No Study period <4 weeks
41 Yoshimura et al., Japan [65] Prospective cohort study 1 year Spot urine Albuminuria No Spot urine intake