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. 2022 Dec 9;12:21354. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25461-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overall behavioral responses to the looming square. (A,B) 2-D histogram of the locations occupied by mosquitoes within the LED arena. Data are mirrored on the vertical axis; the white semi-circles indicate the relative position of the arena’s walls. (A) Normalized histogram of the location of mosquitoes during randomly selected flight bouts, without visual stimulation. (B) Normalized histogram of the location of mosquitoes during the first 0.17 s (5 frames) after a take-off triggered by the introduction of a looming square. Data are oriented such that the stimulus introduction (indicated with a black arrow) is positioned at the top of the figure. (C) Rose diagram showing the circular distribution of the flight direction, β (i.e., the direction of escape relative to the mosquito’s body orientation) within 0.17 s of stimulus-triggered take-offs. (D) Rose diagram showing the circular distribution of escape direction, λ (i.e., the direction of escape relative to the stimulus) within 0.17 s of stimulus-triggered take-offs. (C,D) The length of the bars encodes for the number of observations, color-coded as a function of the approach angle, θ where 0° is to the front of the mosquito, and 180° is behind the mosquito (n = 142).