Table 3.

The number of complete or partial bones (N), coefficient of variation (CV), mean, and the % difference per variable between groups. The cells that are left blank (#N/A) for the pelvis indicate insufficient measurements for statistical analysis (C = castrate; M = full male; F = female)

Element	Variable	Castrate			Full male			Female			% Difference
		N	Mean	CV	N	Mean	CV	N	Mean	CV	C-M	C-F	M-F
Humerus	Bd	9	5.09	0.03	8	5.1	0.04	14	4.5	0.03	− 0.2	13.1	13.3
Humerus	Bp	9	6.10	0.03	8	6.3	0.06	14	5.3	0.03	− 3.6	14.7	18.3
Humerus	BT	9	43.85	0.03	8	44.4	0.04	14	39.3	0.03	− 1.2	11.0	12.2
Humerus	CD	9	8.82	0.07	8	9.0	0.1	14	7.0	0.03	− 2.3	23.0	25.3
Humerus	DC	9	44.16	0.04	8	45.8	0.04	14	39.5	0.04	− 3.7	11.2	14.9
Humerus	Dd	9	49.66	0.04	8	50.6	0.02	14	44.9	0.03	− 1.9	10.2	12.0
Humerus	Dp	9	6.46	0.04	8	6.6	0.05	14	5.6	0.06	− 2.2	14.4	16.6
Humerus	GL	9	25.27	0.03	8	25.7	0.04	14	22.5	0.03	− 1.6	11.6	13.2
Humerus	GLC	9	23.44	0.03	8	23.9	0.04	14	21.0	0.03	− 1.9	11.1	13.0
Humerus	GLl	9	25.07	0.03	8	25.4	0.03	14	22.3	0.03	− 1.2	11.6	12.8
Humerus	HT	9	36.11	0.03	8	37.1	0.04	14	32.5	0.04	− 2.8	10.7	13.4
Humerus	HTC	9	26.93	0.03	8	27.5	0.03	14	24.0	0.04	− 2.2	11.4	13.6
Humerus	PL	9	23.01	0.03	8	23.3	0.03	14	20.6	0.04	− 1.4	11.2	12.6
Humerus	SD	9	24.86	0.07	8	25.5	0.1	14	20.0	0.04	− 2.6	21.4	24.0
Radioulna	BFp	9	44.90	0.04	7	46.3	0.03	16	39.9	0.03	− 3.0	11.7	14.7
Radioulna	Bp	9	49.33	0.06	7	50.4	0.03	16	42.4	0.04	− 2.1	15.1	17.2
Radioulna	CD	9	8.78	0.08	7	9.2	0.07	16	6.7	0.05	− 4.7	26.2	30.8
Radioulna	Dd	9	32.84	0.05	7	34.4	0.05	16	27.8	0.06	− 4.6	16.5	21.0
Radioulna	Dp	9	27.95	0.04	7	28.4	0.02	16	24.3	0.02	− 1.4	13.9	15.4
Radioulna	PL	9	26.10	0.03	7	26.9	0.02	16	23.2	0.02	− 3.0	11.6	14.6
Radioulna	SD	9	29.05	0.09	7	30.8	0.08	16	21.6	0.05	− 5.9	29.5	35.2
Radioulna	SDD	9	18.01	0.06	7	19.4	0.06	16	17.9	0.06	− 7.5	0.9	8.3
Radioulna	Bd	9	47.61	0.06	7	48.1	0.02	16	39.4	0.03	− 1.1	18.9	20.0
Radioulna	GL	9	33.72	0.03	7	34.8	0.02	16	29.8	0.02	− 3.2	12.4	15.6
Radioulna	LO	9	63.17	0.03	7	66.5	0.03	16	53.0	0.03	− 5.1	17.5	22.5
Radioulna	SDO	9	40.79	0.05	7	42.8	0.05	16	34.8	0.04	− 4.8	15.8	20.5
Metacarpus	BA	22	24.44	0.03	14	25.0	0.03	17	22.5	0.04	− 2.4	8.2	10.7
Metacarpus	BAp	22	33.09	0.04	14	34.0	0.06	17	29.8	0.02	− 2.7	10.6	13.3
Metacarpus	Bd	22	44.48	0.03	14	45.2	0.03	17	40.1	0.03	− 1.7	10.5	12.2
Metacarpus	BDF	22	41.50	0.04	14	42.0	0.03	17	35.8	0.04	− 1.2	14.7	15.9
Metacarpus	Bp	22	36.18	0.04	14	36.8	0.04	17	32.1	0.02	− 1.8	12.0	13.8
Metacarpus	BTl	22	20.21	0.04	14	20.5	0.04	17	18.3	0.03	− 1.6	9.9	11.5
Metacarpus	BTm	22	20.93	0.03	14	21.2	0.03	17	18.7	0.03	− 1.3	11.0	12.3
Metacarpus	CD	22	7.31	0.05	14	7.2	0.05	17	5.9	0.06	1.0	22.2	21.2
Metacarpus	DFp	22	23.57	0.04	14	24.0	0.04	17	21.3	0.05	− 1.9	10.2	12.1
Metacarpus	Dp	22	26.40	0.05	14	26.7	0.04	17	23.5	0.04	− 1.2	11.7	12.9
Metacarpus	DVl	22	22.56	0.04	14	22.5	0.03	17	20.6	0.03	0.4	9.3	8.9
Metacarpus	DVm	22	23.03	0.04	14	23.0	0.03	17	20.8	0.03	0.2	10.1	9.9
Metacarpus	GCD	22	8.52	0.08	14	8.5	0.07	17	6.8	0.05	− 0.1	22.7	22.8
Metacarpus	GDD	22	24.87	0.09	14	24.8	0.05	17	19.8	0.05	0.1	22.9	22.8
Metacarpus	GL	22	19.78	0.03	14	19.9	0.03	17	18.2	0.03	− 0.7	8.4	9.1
Metacarpus	PL	22	19.47	0.03	14	19.6	0.03	17	17.9	0.04	− 0.7	8.5	9.2
Metacarpus	SD	22	24.63	0.08	14	24.0	0.08	17	18.8	0.07	2.7	26.9	24.3
Metacarpus	SDD	22	16.53	0.06	14	16.4	0.04	17	13.5	0.05	0.9	19.9	19.0
Femur	Bd	8	62.27	0.05	8	63.0	0.04	13	55.4	0.03	− 1.2	11.8	13.0
Femur	Bp	8	75.14	0.03	8	76.2	0.05	13	64.3	0.03	− 1.4	15.5	16.9
Femur	BT	8	24.16	0.03	8	24.7	0.1	13	21.1	0.04	− 2.2	13.5	15.7
Femur	CD	8	8.36	0.04	8	8.7	0.07	13	6.9	0.03	− 4.0	19.5	23.4
Femur	DC	8	30.43	0.04	8	30.8	0.03	13	27.3	0.02	− 1.3	10.8	12.1
Femur	Dd	8	7.84	0.03	8	7.9	0.06	13	7.0	0.03	− 1.3	10.6	11.9
Femur	GL	8	29.51	0.03	8	29.8	0.03	13	26.3	0.03	− 1.0	11.4	12.4
Femur	GLC	8	28.65	0.03	8	29.1	0.03	13	25.4	0.03	− 1.4	12.1	13.5
Femur	PL	8	28.56	0.03	8	29.0	0.03	13	25.4	0.03	− 1.4	11.8	13.2
Femur	SD	8	24.71	0.06	8	25.6	0.1	13	20.5	0.03	− 3.4	18.7	22.1
Femur	SDD	8	26.81	0.05	8	27.3	0.1	13	21.8	0.04	− 1.8	20.6	22.4
Tibia	Bd	9	43.12	0.04	9	43.7	0.03	15	38.4	0.02	− 1.5	11.5	13.0
Tibia	BFd	9	31.46	0.03	9	31.9	0.03	15	28.2	0.03	− 1.3	11.0	12.4
Tibia	BFp	9	64.43	0.04	9	65.0	0.04	15	56.7	0.05	− 0.9	12.8	13.6
Tibia	CD	9	7.74	0.06	9	7.9	0.08	15	6.4	0.04	− 1.8	19.6	21.5
Tibia	Dd	9	34.44	0.06	9	34.8	0.03	15	31.2	0.04	− 0.9	10.0	10.9
Tibia	Dp	9	6.94	0.05	9	7.1	0.04	15	6.1	0.04	− 2.2	12.7	14.9
Tibia	GL	9	32.96	0.03	9	33.5	0.03	15	29.5	0.03	− 1.6	11.2	12.8
Tibia	Ll	9	30.89	0.03	9	31.3	0.03	15	27.6	0.03	− 1.5	11.1	12.6
Tibia	PL	9	31.63	0.03	9	32.0	0.03	15	28.2	0.03	− 1.3	11.5	12.7
Tibia	SD	9	27.12	0.06	9	27.6	0.09	15	21.6	0.05	− 1.8	22.7	24.5
Tibia	SDD	9	19.99	0.05	9	20.4	0.06	15	17.3	0.05	− 2.0	14.3	16.4
Metatarsus	BA	19	24.28	0.03	14	24.3	0.05	16	22.4	0.06	− 0.2	8.3	8.4
Metatarsus	BAp	19	29.75	0.05	14	29.9	0.03	16	27.2	0.03	− 0.6	8.9	9,5
Metatarsus	Bd	19	43.49	0.03	14	43.9	0.04	16	39.6	0.04	− 0.9	9.3	10.3
Metatarsus	BDF	19	41.86	0.04	14	41.8	0.04	16	36.7	0.04	0.1	13.2	13.1
Metatarsus	Bp	19	32.75	0.05	14	32.7	0.04	16	29.2	0.03	0.1	11.5	11.4
Metatarsus	BTl	19	19.39	0.04	14	19.8	0.05	16	18.1	0.05	− 1.9	7.1	9.0
Metatarsus	BTm	19	19.92	0.04	14	20.3	0.05	16	17.9	0.04	− 2.0	10.4	12.4
Metatarsus	CD	19	7.43	0.07	14	7.1	0.07	16	6.0	0.06	5.1	21.2	16.2
Metatarsus	DFp	19	22.50	0.04	14	22.6	0.04	16	20.7	0.04	− 0.2	8.2	8.4
Metatarsus	Dp	19	35.47	0.04	14	35.2	0.05	16	31.5	0.04	0.8	11.9	11.1
Metatarsus	DVl	19	23.46	0.03	14	23.0	0.02	16	21.8	0.05	1.8	7.5	5.7
Metatarsus	DVm	19	24.53	0.04	14	24.0	0.04	16	21.8	0.04	2.0	12.0	10.0
Metatarsus	GCD	19	11.17	0.09	14	10.9	0.11	16	8.7	0.05	2.9	25.5	22.6
Metatarsus	GDD	19	39.62	0.09	14	38.6	0.09	16	30.9	0.06	2.7	24.6	21.9
Metatarsus	GL	19	27.52	0.03	14	27.4	0.02	16	25.1	0.03	0.5	9.2	8.7
Metatarsus	PL	19	26.90	0.03	14	27.2	0.03	16	24.8	0.03	− 1.3	8.3	9.5
Metatarsus	SD	19	22.59	0.10	14	21.1	0.09	16	17.7	0.09	6.8	24.3	17.5
Metatarsus	SDD	19	19.37	0.05	14	19.0	0.07	16	16.2	0.07	2.1	17.9	15.9
Pelvis	DAm	1	11.45	#N/A	2	9.6	0.34	9	7.3	0.4	17.8	44.5	27.2
Pelvis	DPmin	1	#N/A	#N/A	2	7.5	0.28	9	7.1	0.13	#N/A	#N/A	5.9
Pelvis	DPS	1	19.14	#N/A	2	16.1	0.29	9	12.7	0.29	17.4	40.5	23.4
Pelvis	GBA	1	13.90	#N/A	2	13.8	#N/A	9	12.4	0.03	0.7	11.4	10.7
Pelvis	GBTc	1	24.00	#N/A	2	21.0	#N/A	9	38.6	0.7	13.3	− 46.6	− 59.1
Pelvis	GBTi	1	13.60	#N/A	2	11.7	#N/A	9	11.1	0.03	15.0	19.9	5.0
Pelvis	GL	1	31.40	#N/A	2	29.2	#N/A	9	27.0	0.04	7.3	15.2	8.0
Pelvis	LA	1	44.38	#N/A	2	46.1	0.00	9	41.4	0.02	− 3.8	7.0	10.8
Pelvis	LAR	1	31.08	#N/A	2	34.6	0.10	9	30.7	0.08	− 10.7	1.2	11.9
Pelvis	LFo	1	67.17	#N/A	2	66.7	0.05	9	62.0	0.05	0.8	8.1	7.3
Pelvis	LS	1	102.20	#N/A	2	100.0	0.04	9	90.4	0.06	2.2	12.3	10.1
Pelvis	SB	1	14.33	#N/A	2	12.2	0.19	9	12.2	0.06	16.1	16.3	0.2
Pelvis	SBl	1	92.40	#N/A	2	83.7	#N/A	9	81.5	0.03	9.9	12.6	2.7
Pelvis	SC	1	6.80	#N/A	2	6.1	0.05	9	5.6	0.05	10.9	19.0	8.2
Pelvis	SH	1	27.54	#N/A	2	24.4	0.00	9	22.1	0.05	12.1	21.9	9.8