Table 4.
Reference | Modules | Personalization features | Students’ characteristics | Recommended Item |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Kopeinik et al., 2017) | material repository, tags repository, frequent tags extractor, domain modeling, tags recommender | tagging | used tags by the student | suitable tags for the uploaded materials |
(Mutahi et al., 2017) | user manager, content manager, attention manager, context manager, notification manager | performance | content interaction patterns, comments, questions, affective state | resource and activity |
(Wongwatkit et al., 2017) | learning diagnostics module, learning style diagnostics module, mastery learning-based guided-inquiry learning mechanism module | learning problems, learning styles | current understanding | learning activities |
(Gong et al., 2018) | knowledge component recognition, knowledge graph, exercise generation | proficiency level | time spent on exercises, score, the ability of memory | exercises with a suitable degree of difficulty |
(Hongthong et al., 2018) | mobile application with four main modules, including interfacing, content repository, student assessment, and student feedback response modules | performance and preferences | score | guidance to cyber security awareness |
(Klašnja-Milićević, Ivanović, et al., 2018) |
learner module, domain module, application module, adaptation module, the recommendation module |
interests and knowledge | needs and previously acquired knowledge | learning content |
(Klašnja-Milićević, Vesin, et al., 2018) |
learner-system interaction module, recommendation module [tags recommendation - recommendation of resources - reports generator], data storage module [tag repository - learner model] |
educational goals, learning history | used tags | learning resource, tags |
(Perišić et al., 2018) |
learning object module, student module, user interface module, adaptation module, visualization module, and reporting module |
learning style |
general information (name and surname, date of birth, email, interest), learning progress (average grade, learning style, time spent in the course, action), information about the student’s actions (viewed, loaded, deleted, graded, submitted, posted), duration of the sessions, learning object attendance, time spent on the learning object, and number of visits of the learning object |
learning material, semantic report |
(Lee et al., 2018) | contents registration, management, and recommendations | learning history | video contents data, types of similar contents, sharing subjects, contents log, satisfaction, and comment data | learning video contents |
(Guan et al., 2019) | personal information management, learning course plan management, course selection, assessment, achievement management, learning ability identification | learning ability | knowledge points, length of course learning, number of the learned courses, course credits, specialty | personalized curriculum |
(Troussas et al., 2019) | students’ repository, students’ modeling, materials generator, recommender, hints, and trophies repository | knowledge level, learning style | age, (pre-existing knowledge on a domain, current knowledge level, knowledge level on previous concepts (scores and concepts)), preferred learning styles and techniques | individualized hints, possible collaborators, learning material, trophies |
(Mimis et al., 2019) | students’ repository, students’ modeling, rank prediction, the recommendation module | performance level | score (national baccalaureate score, first-year score, score of class council of the second year), students ranking in accordance to other students, quarterly rank in each subject, (age, social motivation) | guidance to a career path |
(Jagušt et al., 2019) | communication (server communication, lesson delivery, group work delivery, and progress monitoring modules), central (database, multimedia content repository, event log), adaptivity and aggregate data calculation, (lesson authoring and conducting, and lesson management (for teachers)) | performance level, knowledge level | relative score to other students, time spent on tasks, activities solved | activity, visual representation of a lesson, suitable time to finish an activity |
(Ch et al., 2019) | sentence reformation, summarization, factual sentence identification, trial test generation and evaluation, identification of the less confident portion | performance level | score (of the provided trial exams) | sections to revise |
(Bhaskaran et al., 2019) | System interaction module, Off-line modeling, Recommendation engine | learning style and knowledge level | personal data, preferences, dominant meaning words, behavior | courses |
(Fakooa et al., 2019) | student ontology, English verb ontology, admin panel, ANN module | learning style, level of knowledge |
A score of quizzes, time spent on the quiz, text, and visual contents |
quizzes and verb ontology |
(Segal et al., 2019) | difficulty ranking module, the recommendation module | student performance | grades, number of retries, and time spent solving questions. | suitable problem sets or exams to student’s ability, topics to strengthen |
(Nian et al., 2019) | recognition module of expression information, the personalized recommendation module | performance, emotions | score, expression | courses |
(Troussas et al., 2019b) |
students’ module, domain knowledge adaptation module, assessment adaptation module, advice provider module |
knowledge level and preferences | scores | personalized guidance and questions |
(Saito et al., 2020) | clustering module, prediction module, the recommendation module | submission history, ability chart | scores, current knowledge, goal | learning path recommendation |
(Ma et al., 2020) | advanced automated assessment module, peer tutor recommender module | learning performance | scores | peer tutor |
(Nurzaman et al., 2021) | students modeling, learning style identification, material repository, assessment, recommender | performance level, learning style | score (from teacher and systems) | learning resource |
(Y. Zhang, 2021) | students’ repository, resources repository, model generator, recommender | Students’ history | Students’ evaluation score for each resource | auxiliary English teaching resources |