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. 2022 Dec 8;49(1):65–74. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06940-6

This material flow analysis provides the necessary information for the intensive care in its transition from a linear to a circular system, with focus on mass, carbon footprint, agricultural land occupation and water usage.

Five environmental hotspots are identified: non-sterile gloves, isolation gowns, bed liners, surgical masks and syringes (including their packaging).