Table 5.
Descriptive statistics
| Mean | SD | Min | 25° Perc | 75° Perc | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main variables | ||||||
| GHG Emission (log) | 14.447 | 8.760 | 0 | 8.974 | 21.072 | 25.211 |
| Pre-sample Mean GHG (log) | 11.869 | 9.348 | 0 | 0 | 20.125 | 25.147 |
| Green Tech. (no. patents) | 6.016 | 34.829 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 858 |
| Digital Tech. (no. patents) | 0.475 | 3.369 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 129 |
| Digital ecosystem | ||||||
| Additive Manufacturing | 0.061 | 0.764 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 |
| AI | 0.079 | 0.628 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 |
| Big Data | 0.011 | 0.163 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Computing Infrastructures | 0.018 | 0.290 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 |
| IoT | 0.063 | 0.763 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 |
| Robotics | 0.240 | 1.752 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 71 |
| Controls | ||||||
| Population | 471,063 | 787,182 | 19,504 | 148,536 | 528,340 | 13,998,563 |
| Value Added Manufacturing | 23.870 | 10.454 | 1.817 | 30.214 | 30.214 | 73.563 |
| Dirty Units | 2499 | 4573.926 | 0 | 2876 | 2876 | 112,496 |
| Urban | 0.203 | 0.402 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 0.409 | 0.492 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | 0.388 | 0.487 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Instruments | ||||||
| RILE | −3.277 | 16.257 | −93.490 | 0 | 0 | 56.040 |
| Extreme Left | 0.093 | 0.291 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Quality of Institutions | 58.080 | 13.323 | 20.499 | 48.755 | 67.645 | 86.354 |
Statistics refer to the sample for the econometric analysis (2007–2016)—10,510 observations