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. 2022 Dec 9;12:21297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25352-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ΦSA012 stability against several environmental conditions. (A) Phage stability against storage conditions at room temperature and 4 °C. ΦSA012 infectivity is indicated as fold changes compared to day 0 and is presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (B) Environmental resistance of ΦSA012 against freeze–thaw cycles. The titer of ΦSA012 is indicated as the fold change compared to cycle 0 and is presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (C) Phage stability at temperatures of 37 °C, 56 °C, and 60 °C. The titer of ΦSA012 is indicated as the fold change compared to 0 h and is presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (D) Phage stability against different pH ranges. The titer of ΦSA012 is indicated as the fold change compared to pH 7 and is presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (E and F) Effects of serum on the plaque-forming activity of ΦSA012. The titer of ΦSA012 is indicated as the fold change compared to 0% FBS and is presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (G) Effects of other phage particles on the plaque-forming activity of ΦSA012. The titer of ΦSA012 is indicated as the fold change compared to non-treated ΦSA012 and is presented as means ± SD (n = 3). The significance compared to the control under each condition was analyzed by Tukey’s test based on one-way ANOVA: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.