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. 2022 Dec 9;12:21297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25352-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pharmacokinetics and side effects of ΦSA012 in mice. (A) Pharmacokinetics of ΦSA012 administered with i.p. and i.v. injections into mice. Phage titers in the serum were monitored from 3 to 48 hpi for i.p. and from 0.25 hpi to 48 hpi for i.v. injections. The titers of ΦSA012 in serum samples are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). 10² pfu/mL is the limit of detection of the phage in the plaque assay. (B) Accumulation of ΦSA012 in organs at 48 hpi after i.p. injection. The titers of ΦSA012 in organ homogenates are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). (C) Accumulation of ΦSA012 in organs at 48 hpi after i.v. injection. The titers of ΦSA012 in organs homogenates are presented as means ± SD (n = 3). ND means that plaques were not detected, indicating values less than 1.2 × 10² pfu/g in the heart, 8.9 × 10¹ pfu/g in the lung, 4.5 × 10² pfu/g in the kidney, and 8.7 × 10¹ pfu/g in the intestine. (D) Histopathology and pathological changes of organs in ΦSA012-inoculated mice (i.p.). The spleens, hearts, kidneys, livers, lungs, and intestines were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The number in each picture represents magnification.