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. 2022 Dec 9;7:159. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00587-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Primary EBV infection can cause infectious mononucleosis (IM), which also increases the risk of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) and multiple sclerosis (MS). EBV aberrant lytic activity is associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), chronic active EBV disease (CAEBV). EBV infection and reactivation cause several autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and MS through molecular mimicry. Besides, EBV is tightly associated with various lymphomas, including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), HL, natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL), as well as epithelial malignancies such as gastric carcinoma (GC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The EBV latency state in HL, NKTL, and NPC is type II, while BL and GC display EBV latency type I. Besides these cancers, EBV latency is also associated to lymphoproliferative diseases in patients after stem cell transplantation or solid organ transplantation (PTLD). The figure was made from Biorender.com.