Table 2.

Parameter values and ranges for sensitivity analysis.

Model parameter	Value (s)	Comments/references
Disease dynamics
Proportion of infections due to the Omicron variant (${\omega }_0$)	50%, 95%	Assumption with sensitivity analysis
Mean latent time	3.5 days	Average of Delta (4 days) and Omicron (3 days), based on CDC55,
Mean time to recovery	5 days	CDC56
Disease transmission
Ratio of basic reproduction numbers Omicron:Delta	3:1	Ito et al.49, Scientific American50, and based on Liu and Rocklöv51
Inputs for basic reproduction number of (variant, group) in the best-, base-, worst-case scenarios, respectively:
Delta, students	5, 6, 7	Assumption with sensitivity analysis, based on57
Omicron, students	$3\times \{5,6,7\}$	Assumption with sensitivity analysis
Delta, faculty	2.2, 3.2, 4.2	Assumption with sensitivity analysis, based on57
Omicron, faculty	$3\times \{2.2,3.2,4.2\}$	Assumption with sensitivity analysis
Reduction in disease transmission rate under a face mask policy ($\gamma$)	50%	Zhang et al.58
Disease outcomes
Vaccine effectiveness against infection for (variant, vaccination status)
Delta, vaccinated	80%	Bruxvoort et al.59
Omicron, vaccinated	33%	BMJ60
Delta, boosted	86.7%	Bruxvoort et al.59
Omicron, boosted	69.4%	Paul61
Symptom development rate for infected (all vaccination status)	30%	Assumption (similar to Paltiel et al.12), also based on Poletti et al.62
Hospitalization rate for symptomatic and unvaccinated (students/faculty)	1.4%/8.4%	CDC63, COVID-Net64, Rabil et al.30
Vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization for symptomatic (variant, vaccination status)
Omicron, vaccinated	70%	BMJ60
Delta, vaccinated	91.7%	Andrews et al.65
Omicron, boosted	93%	Based on Thompson et al.8
Delta, boosted	97.5%	Bruxvoort et al.59
Fatality rate for hospitalized and unvaccinated (students/faculty)	0.05%/2%	Rabil et al.30, Statista66,67
Screening test characteristics
Test sensitivity (sens)	80%	Based on Stites andWilen68, Woloshin et al.69, Yohe70
Test specificity (spec)	98%	Yohe70
Coverage characteristics at the start of the semester
Proportion of vaccinated	82%	Based on Nietzel71, Mauer72, and Mayo Clinic73
Proportion of boosted	38%	Based on Anderson74 and CDC75
	64%	Based on Virginia Tech76 and CDC75

Sensitivity analysis
Parameter		Values
Screening frequency		1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days
Proportion of infections due to the Omicron variant (${\omega }_O$)		50%, 95%
Coverage (proportion boosted/vaccinated at the start of the semester)		64%/18%,    38%/44%,    0%/100%,    100%/0%,    0%/0%
Screening compliance ($\eta$)		75%, 90%, 100%
Transmission severity (basic reproduction number of Delta for faculty/students)		Best-case: 2.2/5,    base-case 3.2/6,    worst-case 4.2/7