Fig. 5.

Nrf-2 and TAS2R signalling in cardiac cell. TAS2R dysfunction triggers the formation of intracellular molecules that inhibit the nuclear translocation of Nrf-2 to downregulate the synthesis and secretion of protective and detoxifying enzymes (see further explanation in text). Akt protein kinase B (PKB), ARE antioxidant response element, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Maf MAF transcription factor, Nrf-2 nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2, PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase, SOD superoxide dismutase, CAT catalase, GSH glutathione, GR glutathione reductase, GPx glutathione peroxidase, GSH-ST glutathione-S-transferase, NQO1 dehydrogenase quinone1, XOR xanthine oxidoreductase, TrxR thioredoxin reductase, IDD iodothyronine deiodinases, GCLC glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit. (See explanation in text)