Skip to main content
. 2022 Dec 3:1–16. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s10209-022-00958-9

Table 3.

Comparison of students’ programming skills, academic motivation, and refusal self-efficacy of Internet use between TR and non-TR groups

Dependent variable Group t df Sig. (two-tailed)
TR non-TR
n M SD SE n M SD SE
Programming skills 70 78.96 7.180 0.858 56 76.07 8.638 1.154 2.048 124 0.043*
Academic motivation 70 4.22581 0.757933 0.090590 56 4.36751 0.754708 0.100852 – 1.045 124 0.298
Refusal self-efficacy of Internet use 70 3.31203 1.042334 0.124583 56 2.93045 0.936143 0.125097 2.136 124 0.035*

*p < 0.05