Table 3.
Determinants of eye strain due to the digital devices usage during COVID-19 among adult Saudi surveyed participants
| Eye strain of moderate to severe grade (N = 527) | No/mild grade of eye strain (N = 1488) | Validation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |||
| Age group | < 30 years | 491 | 93.2 | 1379 | 92.7 | OR = 1.3 (95% CI 0.8: 1.9) P = 0.26 |
| 31 and older | 29 | 5.5 | 104 | 7 | ||
| COVID status | Yes | 73 | 13.9 | 193 | 13 | OR = 1.2 (95% CI 0.9: 1.7) P = 0.15 |
| No | 394 | 74.8 | 1290 | 86.7 | ||
| Don’t know | 60 | 11.4 | 5 | 0.3 | ||
| Quarantined | Yes | 60 | 11.4 | 154 | 10.3 | OR = 1.1 (95% CI 0.8: 1.6) P = 0.5 |
| No | 234 | 44.4 | 666 | 44.8 | ||
| Missing | 233 | 44.2 | 668 | 44.9 | ||
| Digital devised used for | Work only | 9 | 1.7 | 13 | 0.9 | χ2 = 1.6 |
| Social | 116 | 22 | 353 | 23.7 | Df = 3 | |
| Both | 315 | 59.8 | 1024 | 68.8 | P = 0.2 | |
| Other | 27 | 5.1 | 93 | 6.3 | ||
| Missing | 60 | 11.4 | 5 | 0.3 | ||
| Type of visual aid usage | Spectacles for Clear Vision | 115 | 21.8 | 256 | 17.2 | χ2 = 12 |
| Contact lens cosmetic | 12 | 2.3 | 45 | 3 | Df = 3 | |
| Spectacles and contact lens | 16 | 3 | 38 | 2.6 | P < 0.001 | |
| No contact lens or spectacles | 324 | 61.5 | 1144 | 76.9 | ||
| Missing | 60 | 11.4 | 5 | 0.3 | ||
| Visual aid used for | Spectacle for reading | 17 | 3.2 | 51 | 3.4 | χ2 = 2.3 |
| Spectacle for distance | 66 | 12.5 | 151 | 10.1 | Df = 3 | |
| Spectacle for both | 74 | 14 | 138 | 9.3 | P = 0.12 | |
| Missing | 370 | 70.2 | 1148 | 77.2 | ||
| Visual aid checking done | In last one year | 124 | 23.5 | 316 | 21.2 | χ2 = 0.36 |
| 1–2 years | 45 | 8.5 | 93 | 6.3 | Df = 3 | |
| More than 2 years | 114 | 21.6 | 317 | 21.3 | P = 0.54 | |
| Not applicable | 244 | 46.3 | 762 | 51.2 | ||