Table 3.

Time trends in attitudes towards mental illness (CAMI) in England, ages 16 + 

		2009 N = 1743		2017–19 N = 3417		Annual absolute change
		Unadjusted		Unadjusted		Bivariate		Adjusted*
		Mean	95%CI	Mean	95%CI	B	95%CI	B	95%CI
	Average	105.5	104.8, 106.2	110.2	109.7, 110.6	0.56	0.49, 0.64	0.57	0.50, 0.63
1	North East	113.5	110.5, 116.4	110.7	108.6, 112.7	− 0.16	− 0.47, 0.15	− 0.03	− 0.33, 0.27
2	North West	105.4	103.6, 107.2	112.1	110.8, 113.4	0.79	0.60, 0.98	0.84	0.66, 1.02
3	Yorkshire and the Humberlands	106.5	104.3, 108.8	111.1	109.6, 112.7	0.29	0.06, 0.52	0.25	0.03, 0.47
4	East Midlands	104.7	102.5, 107.0	111.2	109.5, 112.9	0.65	0.40, 0.91	0.59	0.35, 0.83
5	West Midlands	105.2	103.2, 107.2	110.3	108.9, 111.6	0.60	0.39, 0.80	0.57	0.38, 0.76
6	East of England	109.5	107.5, 111.5	110.1	108.6, 111.6	0.14	− 0.07, 0.35	0.23	0.03, 0.43
7	London	97.7	95.8, 99.5	104.5	103.3, 105.8	0.88	0.69, 1.06	0.70	0.52, 0.87
8	South East	106.1	104.5, 107.8	111.7	110.4, 112.9	0.75	0.58, 0.93	0.81	0.65, 0.98
9	South West	107.8	105.6, 110.0	112.1	110.6, 113.5	0.56	0.34, 0.78	0.58	0.37, 0.80
	Difference (p)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
	Difference, adjusted* (p)	< 0.001		< 0.001				< 0.001

Attitudes towards Mental Illness (AMI) survey, 2009–19 (n = 17,287). The 27-item CAMI score can vary from 27 to 135; the observed range was 35–135. A higher score indicates less stigmatising attitudes. As a reference point, the weighted mean was 107.8 and weighted standard deviation was 14.0 in the full complete-case sample. P values represent Wald-type tests for the joint significance of (1) region dummy terms and (2) region-by-year interaction dummy terms based on linear probability models. Adjusted models include age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, and social class of the person responsible for the household