Table 4.

Time trends in desire for social distance (RIBS) in England, ages 16 + 

		2009 N = 1743		2017–19 N = 3417		Annual absolute change
						Bivariate		Adjusted*
		Mean	95%CI	Mean	95%CI	B	95%CI	B	95%CI
	Average	15.9	15.7, 16.1	17.1	17.0, 17.2	0.13	0.11, 0.15	0.13	0.11, 0.14
1	North East	17.5	16.8, 18.2	17.0	16.4, 17.7	0.00	− 0.09, 0.09	0.02	− 0.06, 0.10
2	North West	15.9	15.5, 16.4	17.5	17.2, 17.8	0.18	0.14, 0.23	0.20	0.16, 0.24
3	Yorkshire and the Humberlands	16.6	16.1, 17.1	17.3	17.0, 17.7	0.06	0.00, 0.11	0.05	0.00, 0.10
4	East Midlands	15.8	15.2, 16.4	17.3	16.9, 17.6	0.13	0.07, 0.18	0.11	0.06, 0.17
5	West Midlands	15.9	15.3, 16.5	17.1	16.8, 17.4	0.12	0.07, 0.17	0.11	0.06, 0.16
6	East of England	16.5	16.1, 17.0	17.3	16.9, 17.6	0.11	0.06, 0.16	0.11	0.07, 0.16
7	London	14.0	13.5, 14.5	16.0	15.7, 16.3	0.20	0.15, 0.24	0.16	0.11, 0.21
8	South East	16.0	15.6, 16.4	17.2	16.9, 17.5	0.14	0.09, 0.18	0.15	0.11, 0.19
9	South West	16.2	15.7, 16.7	17.3	17.0, 17.7	0.13	0.08, 0.18	0.12	0.07, 0.17
	Difference (p)	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
	Difference, adjusted* (p)	< 0.001		< 0.001				< 0.001

Attitudes towards Mental Illness (AMI) survey, 2009–19 (n = 17,287). The 4-item RIBS score can vary from 4 to 20; the observed range was 4–20. A higher score indicates less desire for social distance. As a reference point, the weighted mean was 16.5 and weighted standard deviation was 3.4 in the full complete-case sample. P values represent Wald-type tests for the joint significance of (1) region dummy terms and (2) region-by-year interaction dummy terms based on linear probability models. Adjusted models include age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, and social class of the person responsible for the household