Table 3.
Placebo, n = 20 | 300 mg NMN, n = 20 | 600 mg NMN, n = 20 | 900 mg NMN, n = 20 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | P* | Mean ± SD | P* | Mean ± SD | P* | ||
Hematology | ||||||||
Hb, g/dL | Baseline | 12.6 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | 0.12 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | 0.26 | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 0.04 |
Day 60 | 13.0 ± 1.6 | 13.4 ± 2.3 | 0.49 | 14.0 ± 2.2 | 0.10 | 13.9 ± 1.9 | 0.11 | |
Ht-PCV, % | Baseline | 38.2 ± 4.8 | 40.5 ± 4.3 | 0.12 | 40.2 ± 5.1 | 0.20 | 41.2 ± 4.5 | 0.05 |
Day 60 | 41.3 ± 4.5 | 41.1 ± 6.0 | 0.33 | 43.0 ± 5.6 | 0.29 | 42.5 ± 4.8 | 0.41 | |
MCHC, g/dL | Baseline | 32.8 ± 1.2 | 33.1 ± 1.3 | 0.37 | 32.9 ± 1.2 | 0.83 | 33.2 ± 0.9 | 0.17 |
Day 60 | 31.8 ± 1.2 | 32.3 ± 1.2 | 0.22 | 32.5 ± 1.2 | 0.09 | 32.6 ± 1.0 | 0.03 | |
MCV, fL | Baseline | 83.1 ± 13.0 | 87.6 ± 8.5 | 0.21 | 86.2 ± 6.7 | 0.36 | 88.4 ± 9.0 | 0.15 |
Day 60 | 85.0 ± 12.4 | 91.9 ± 11.6 | 0.08 | 88.3 ± 6.8 | 0.31 | 88.1 ± 8.6 | 0.36 | |
Total leukocyte count-WBC total count, /cm2 | Baseline | 7160 ± 1538 | 7325 ± 2132 | 0.78 | 7005 ± 1737 | 0.77 | 6780 ± 1379 | 0.42 |
Day 60 | 7475 ± 1874 | 7835 ± 2900 | 0.64 | 7930 ± 2489 | 0.52 | 7505 ± 1721 | 0.96 | |
Absolute neutrophils, /cm2 | Baseline | 4218 ± 1265 | 4134 ± 1559 | 0.85 | 4068 ± 1245 | 0.71 | 3806 ± 1046 | 0.27 |
Day 60 | 4140 ± 1265 | 4275 ± 1846 | 0.79 | 4135 ± 1561 | 0.99 | 3910 ± 987 | 0.53 | |
Neutrophils, % | Baseline | 58.5 ± 7.7 | 55.5 ± 7.7 | 0.22 | 57.7 ± 8.2 | 0.74 | 55.6 ± 6.9 | 0.22 |
Day 60 | 55.8 ± 7.0 | 53.3 ± 8.1 | 0.29 | 51.7 ± 8.1 | 0.09 | 52.3 ± 8.0 | 0.15 | |
Lymphocytes, % | Baseline | 34.1 ± 6.3 | 37.5 ± 7.4 | 0.13 | 34.5 ± 7.3 | 0.85 | 36.3 ± 6.2 | 0.29 |
Day 60 | 35.4 ± 7.5 | 37.1 ± 7.4 | 0.48 | 39.2 ± 7.4 | 0.11 | 37.3 ± 6.1 | 0.38 | |
Monocytes, % | Baseline | 3.50 ± 1.02 | 3.80 ± 1.30 | 0.49 | 4.10 ± 1.42 | 0.15 | 3.80 ± 1.58 | 0.60 |
Day 60 | 5.50 ± 1.49 | 5.50 ± 1.29 | 0.94 | 5.40 ± 1.53 | 0.93 | 5.50 ± 1.62 | 0.88 | |
Basophils, % | Baseline | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.32 |
Day 60 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.00 ± 0.16 | 0.40 | 0.00 ± 0.02 | 1.00 | |
Eosinophils, % | Baseline | 3.80 ± 3.91 | 3.20 ± 2.29 | 0.54 | 3.60 ± 2.89 | 0.89 | 4.40 ± 2.57 | 0.60 |
Day 60 | 3.60 ± 2.78 | 4.20 ± 2.46 | 0.49 | 3.60 ± 2.75 | 0.98 | 4.80 ± 4.16 | 0.28 | |
Platelets, /cm2 | Baseline | 289,200 ± 61,258 | 279,450 ± 79,343 | 0.67 | 280,450 ± 84,405 | 0.71 | 293,450 ± 77,477 | 0.85 |
Day 60 | 303,900 ± 69,230 | 321,600 ± 86,507 | 0.48 | 311,200 ± 85,234 | 0.77 | 319,850 ± 87,594 | 0.53 | |
PTT, seconds | Baseline | 11.6 ± 0.6 | 12.3 ± 1.6 | 0.07 | 11.8 ± 0.6 | 0.30 | 11.9 ± 0.7 | 0.07 |
Day 60 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 0.14 | 11.9 ± 1.0 | 0.91 | 11.9 ± 0.7 | 0.64 | |
aPTT, seconds | Baseline | 33.5 ± 3.1 | 33.0 ± 4.3 | 0.66 | 33.1 ± 5.1 | 0.79 | 32.6 ± 4.7 | 0.50 |
Day 60 | 34.1 ± 6.6 | 32.7 ± 3.7 | 0.44 | 31.6 ± 3.8 | 0.16 | 31.1 ± 3.3 | 0.08 | |
RBC, million/cm2 | Baseline | 4.70 ± 0.94 | 4.60 ± 0.33 | 0.72 | 4.70 ± 0.49 | 0.90 | 4.70 ± 0.60 | 0.99 |
Day 60 | 4.90 ± 0.79 | 4.60 ± 0.69 | 0.16 | 4.90 ± 0.54 | 0.96 | 4.90 ± 0.66 | 0.87 | |
Clinical blood, plasma, and serum chemistry | ||||||||
TG, mg/dL | Baseline | 156 ± 86 | 159 ± 70 | 0.89 | 157 ± 62 | 0.96 | 178 ± 83 | 0.41 |
Day 60 | 161 ± 64 | 138 ± 72 | 0.29 | 135 ± 57 | 0.19 | 149 ± 63 | 0.57 | |
LDL, mg/dL | Baseline | 114 ± 30 | 122 ± 32 | 0.46 | 119 ± 22 | 0.53 | 132.80 ± 39.70 | 0.10 |
Day 60 | 119 ± 34 | 116 ± 28 | 0.82 | 129 ± 26 | 0.29 | 146.00 ± 36.90 | 0.02 | |
HDL, mg/dL | Baseline | 42.4 ± 10.0 | 43.8 ± 12.3 | 0.69 | 41.8 ± 5.6 | 0.84 | 40.5 ± 8.2 | 0.52 |
Day 60 | 47.9 ± 14.0 | 45.1 ± 15.8 | 0.55 | 45.9 ± 9.4 | 0.60 | 45.2 ± 9.1 | 0.48 | |
TC, mg/dL | Baseline | 171 ± 32 | 176 ± 32 | 0.60 | 179 ± 26 | 0.37 | 190 ± 47 | 0.13 |
Day 60 | 180 ± 30 | 167 ± 28 | 0.17 | 185 ± 31 | 0.66 | 200 ± 41 | 0.10 | |
HOMA-IR | Baseline | 1.41 ± 0.79 | 2.28 ± 1.43 | 0.25 | 1.70 ± 1.05 | 0.94 | 2.01 ± 1.26 | 0.43 |
Day 60 | 2.09 ± 1.40 | 2.28 ± 1.42 | 0.13 | 2.14 ± 1.02 | 0.89 | 2.67 ± 1.31 | 0.62 | |
Creatine, mg/dL | Baseline | 0.70 ± 0.19 | 0.80 ± 0.15 | 0.67 | 0.70 ± 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.24 |
Day 60 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.80 ± 0.19 | 0.93 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.72 | 0.90 ± 0.21 | 0.39 | |
Urea, mg/dL | Baseline | 17.6 ± 5.3 | 18.3 ± 5.4 | 0.91 | 18.7 ± 5.9 | 0.57 | 19.9 ± 7.1 | 0.25 |
Day 60 | 18.7 ± 5.0 | 18.9 ± 6.1 | 0.91 | 18.5 ± 3.2 | 0.89 | 21.0 ± 7.1 | 0.23 | |
AST, U/L | Baseline | 23.2 ± 7.0 | 22.4 ± 6.2 | 0.71 | 20.9 ± 5.5 | 0.26 | 29.9 ± 21.4 | 0.19 |
Day 60 | 22.4 ± 6.7 | 21.6 ± 7.0 | 0.68 | 22.2 ± 5.4 | 0.89 | 22.0 ± 7.2 | 0.84 | |
ALT, U/L | Baseline | 20.6 ± 9.2 | 23.7 ± 11.7 | 0.35 | 17.5 ± 6.7 | 0.49 | 32.3 ± 35.8 | 0.16 |
Day 60 | 19.4 ± 7.9 | 19.6 ± 9.4 | 0.92 | 17.7 ± 7.0 | 0.49 | 20.2 ± 8.8 | 0.75 | |
Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | Baseline | 84.1 ± 22.4 | 83.7 ± 22.6 | 0.95 | 87.2 ± 22.2 | 0.67 | 87.2 ± 22.9 | 0.68 |
Day 60 | 89.8 ± 25.1 | 96.6 ± 25.9 | 0.41 | 90.0 ± 26.5 | 0.98 | 94.4 ± 25.9 | 0.57 | |
Bilirubin, mg/dL | Baseline | 0.50 ± 0.24 | 0.60 ± 0.32 | 0.56 | 0.60 ± 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.50 ± 0.41 | 0.70 |
Day 60 | 0.60 ± 0.23 | 0.60 ± 0.26 | 0.67 | 0.60 ± 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.50 ± 0.43 | 0.77 | |
Sodium, mmol/L | Baseline | 137 ± 4 | 140 ± 2 | 0.01 | 139.8 ± 2.9 | 0.03 | 139.20 ± 2.37 | 0.08 |
Day 60 | 140 ± 2 | 140 ± 2 | 0.54 | 140.5 ± 2.2 | 0.31 | 140.3 ± 2.7 | 0.57 | |
BUN, mg/dL | Baseline | 8.20 ± 2.46 | 8.60 ± 8.25 | 0.67 | 8.7 ± 2.8 | 0.56 | 9.3 ± 3.3 | 0.25 |
Day 60 | 8.80 ± 2.33 | 8.70 ± 2.91 | 0.96 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 0.81 | 9.8 ± 3.3 | 0.26 | |
Uric acid nitrogen, mg/dL | Baseline | 5.40 ± 1.38 | 5.10 ± 1.21 | 0.61 | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 0.09 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 0.97 |
Day 60 | 5.50 ± 1.06 | 5.10 ± 1.56 | 0.42 | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 0.02 | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 0.46 | |
Chloride, mmol/L | Baseline | 99.6 ± 4.7 | 102 ± 3 | 0.04 | 102 ± 3 | 0.10 | 101 ± 3 | 0.19 |
Day 60 | 102 ± 2 | 102 ± 3 | 0.36 | 102 ± 2 | 0.93 | 103 ± 3 | 0.76 | |
Potassium, mmol/L | Baseline | 4.50 ± 0.39 | 4.10 ± 0.25 | 0.002 | 4.30 ± 0.47 | 0.28 | 4.40 ± 0.47 | 0.47 |
Day 60 | 4.70 ± 0.32 | 4.60 ± 0.36 | 0.49 | 4.60 ± 0.38 | 0.33 | 4.50 ± 0.42 | 0.10 | |
Calcium, mg/dL | Baseline | 9.20 ± 0.44 | 9.30 ± 0.30 | 0.45 | 9.20 ± 0.29 | 0.83 | 9.30 ± 0.42 | 0.45 |
Day 60 | 9.40 ± 0.45 | 9.50 ± 0.40 | 0.40 | 9.40 ± 0.37 | 0.91 | 9.50 ± 0.49 | 0.57 | |
GFR, mL/min | Baseline | 110 ± 25 | 105 ± 18 | 0.41 | 99.1 ± 15.8 | 0.09 | 96.80 ± 17.63 | 0.05 |
Day 60 | 100 ± 24 | 99.5 ± 22.7 | 0.90 | 95.50 ± 18.24 | 0.47 | 89.0 ± 16.5 | 0.08 | |
Albumin, g/dL | Baseline | 4.40 ± 0.29 | 4.40 ± 0.27 | 0.43 | 4.30 ± 0.32 | 0.19 | 4.40 ± 0.22 | 0.85 |
Day 60 | 4.30 ± 0.32 | 4.40 ± 0.33 | 0.47 | 4.50 ± 0.35 | 0.17 | 4.40 ± 0.36 | 0.48 | |
Total protein, g/dL | Baseline | 7.20 ± 0.46 | 7.10 ± 0.41 | 0.30 | 7.20 ± 0.44 | 0.68 | 7.20 ± 0.32 | 0.61 |
Day 60 | 7.50 ± 0.48 | 7.60 ± 0.51 | 0.57 | 7.50 ± 0.61 | 0.45 | 7.60 ± 0.54 | 0.76 | |
Urinalysis | ||||||||
Specific gravity | Baseline | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.33 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 1.00 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.03 |
Day 60 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 0.14 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.37 | 1.00 ± 0.01 | 0.61 |
aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time; ALT alanine aminotransferase; AST aspartate aminotransferase; BUN blood urea nitrogen; GFR glomerular filtration rate; TC total cholesterol; TG triglycerides; Hb hemoglobin; Ht-PCV hematocrit-packed cell volume; MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCV mean corpuscular volume; LDL low-density lipoprotein – cholesterol; HDL high-density lipoprotein – cholesterol; HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; RBC red blood cell; PTT prothrombin time
*Statistically significant difference was set at p < 0.05 (paired t test except Mann-Whitney U test for HOMA-IR) vs. placebo