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. 2022 Dec 5;23(23):15317. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315317

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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ESCRT-independent pathway of exosome biogenesis and release. A crucial step in starting the ESCRT-independent exosome biogenesis is the phosphorylation of Rab31. A phosphorylated Rab31 will allow flotillins to deliver the EGFRs into the ILV. nSMases will help accumulate ceramides inside the ILVs. In addition, such ILVs will be enriched in ceramides and cholesterol. Another mechanism of lipid buildup inside the ILV involves LC3, which also incorporates RNA binding sites and small non-coding RNAs.