Table 3.
Concentration, odor threshold, odor descriptor and odor series of individual volatile compounds in passion fruit wine fermented by commercial yeast strain ES488 (ES), BV818 (BV), VIC (VI) and CY3079 (CY).
| Volatile Compound | RI a | Id b | QI c | Odor Threshold (μg/L) | Odor Descriptor | Odor Series d | Concentration (µg/L) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES | BV | VI | CY | |||||||
| Acids | 205,040.38 ± 29,134.24 b | 245,714.78 ± 814.30 a | 256,799.48 ± 24,490.93 a | 264,654.2 ± 31,529.96 a | ||||||
| Isobutyric acid | 1583 | B | 43 | 2300 [8] | Rancid, butter, cheese [21] | 8 [21] | 1855.58 ± 139.18 ab | 1213.38 ± 33.54 c | 2193.52 ± 767.73 a | 1660.49 ± 453.03 b |
| Isovaleric acid | 1681 | B | 60 | 3000 [8] | Acid, rancid [21] | 8 [8] | 4575.16 ± 97.86 b | 3029.86 ± 147.04 c | 4673.86 ± 1805.20 b | 5564.63 ± 415.15 a |
| Hexanoic acid | 1873 | B | 60 | 420 [8] | Rancid, cheese [8] | 8 [21] | 13,975.82 ± 1650.66 ab | 11,381.84 ± 114.94 b | 18,900.83 ± 5529.80 a | 18,450.31 ± 4669.58 a |
| Octanoic acid | 2063 | A | 60 | 500 [21] | Rancid, cheese, fatty [21] | 8 [8] | 54,407.14 ± 5030.83 c | 58,769.71 ± 93.62 bc | 70,996.10 ± 4769.74 ab | 74,275.61 ± 9003.27 a |
| Decanoic acid | 2262 | A | 73 | 1000 [21] | Rancid, fatty [21,25] | 8 [21] | 118,779.57 ± 20,029.80 a | 157,164.30 ± 744.56 a | 147,790.98 ± 9579.09 a | 150,567.30 ± 18,696.09 a |
| 9-Decenoic acid | 2311 | B | 55 | 1000 [8] | Fatty, rancid [34] | 7, 8 [8] | 3810.33 ± 603.71 c | 8689.53 ± 327.34 a | 4923.08 ± 4175.12 bc | 5759.31 ± 403.45 b |
| Lauric acid | 2489 | B | 73 | 1000 [35] | Fatty, laurel oil [25,33] | 8 | 7636.78 ± 668.34 a | 5466.16 ± 247.9 a | 7321.11 ± 873.65 a | 8376.55 ± 1746.57 a |
| Alcohols | 472,952.96 ± 9518.25 a | 330,484.89 ± 1267.20 b | 516,453.63 ± 7080.15 a | 457,145.87 ± 24,568.51 a | ||||||
| Isobutanol | 1091 | A | 43 | 75,000 [34] | Alcohol, solvent, green, [21] | 3, 7 [21] | 88,912.60 ± 559.51 b | 62,793.03 ± 571.42 c | 109,425.09 ± 38,823.43 a | 44,033.30 ± 9690.94 d |
| Isopentanol | 1217 | A | 55 | 60,000 [34] | Solvent, sweet, alcohol, nail polish [21] | 7, 5, 8 [21] | 379,943.26 ± 9252.87 a | 263,678.39 ± 1550.53 b | 401,399.34 ± 145,317.11 a | 403,736.49 ± 30,555.55 a |
| 2-Heptanol | 1327 | A | 45 | 200 [21] | Fruity, fresh lemon, moldy [21,33] | 1, 6 [21] | 430.90 ± 29.02 a | 366.99 ± 2.01 a | 438.26 ± 106.82 a | 440.98 ± 7.23 a |
| 2-Nonanol | 1526 | B | 45 | 58 [34] | Green [25] | 7 | 211.20 ± 3.20 a | 166.48 ± 2.19 b | 210.25 ± 69.06 a | 220.94 ± 0.22 a |
| 1-Octanol | 1566 | A | 56 | 800 [21] | Jasmine, lemon [21] | 2 [21] | 120.37 ± 4.16 a | 87.46 ± 0.81 b | 111.13 ± 31.66 a | 117.91 ± 0.42 a |
| 1-Decanol | 1773 | B | 55 | 400 [21] | Cucumber [25] | 1 | 37.15 ± 0.43 a | 24.55 ± 0.04 b | 38.71 ± 13.36 a | 45.01 ± 6.62 a |
| Phenyl ethyl Alcohol | 1927 | B | 91 | 1100 [36] | Sweet, rose [34] | 2 [34] | 2522.42 ± 2209.19 d | 2741.48 ± 53.32 c | 3989.52 ± 1765.75 b | 7542.04 ± 27.79 a |
| Benzyl alcohol | 1893 | A | 79 | 200,000 [34] | Roasted, sweet [34] | 5, 9 [8] | 775.06 ± 40.91 b | 626.51 ± 18.54 c | 841.33 ± 306.15 b | 1009.20 ± 5.95 a |
| Ethyl esters | 50,281.38 ± 1724.87 ab | 34,347.23 ± 20.92 b | 55,152.07 ± 10,237.29 a | 53,018.60 ± 3717.68 a | ||||||
| Ethyl acetate | 702 | A | 43 | 12,000 [34] | Pineapple, fruity [25] | 1, 2 [8] | 40,827.05 ± 2532.88 a | 28,313.83 ± 71.91 b | 43,994.58 ± 15,457.33 a | 42,468.69 ± 5270.44 a |
| Ethyl butanoate | 941 | A | 71 | 400 [8] | Fruity, pineapple [21] | 1 [21] | 2191.65 ± 225.06 b | 1732.94 ± 23.20 c | 2238.81 ± 849.70 b | 2639.77 ± 3.76 a |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 1236 | A | 88 | 80 [21] | Banana, green apple [21] | 1 [34] | 1618.28 ± 44.39 a | 1010.71 ± 16.03 b | 1862.32 ± 793.27 a | 1807.05 ± 343.99 a |
| Ethyl 3-hexenoate | 1318 | A | 41 | Nf e | Sweet, fruity [9] | 38.59 ± 0.72 a | 26.57 ± 0.47 b | 39.49 ± 14.90 a | 40.53 ± 2.95 a | |
| Ethyl heptanoate | 1342 | A | 88 | 220 [25] | Fruity [25] | 1 | 1.78 ± 0.03 a | 0.99 ± 0.12 b | 1.85 ± 0.01 a | n.d. |
| Ethyl 2-hexenoate | 1361 | B | 55 | NF | 45.25 ± 0.69 ab | 36.48 ± 0.28 b | 36.57 ± 14.81 b | 54.77 ± 1.67 a | ||
| Ethyl caprylate | 1456 | A | 88 | 580 [8] | Sweet, floral, fruity, banana [21] | 1, 2 [21] | 4667.01 ± 345.55 b | 2475.57 ± 28.00 c | 6050.95 ± 147.55 a | 4982.68 ± 285.94 b |
| Ethyl 3-hydroxybutyrate | 1529 | B | 43 | 2000 [21] | Grape [21] | 1 [21] | 39.74 ± 4.38 b | 31.28 ± 1.01 c | 45.71 ± 16.42 b | 54.73 ± 0.87 a |
| Ethyl caprate | 1656 | A | 88 | 200 [21] | Fruit, fatty, mango notes [8,9] | 1 [8] | 192.96 ± 1.42 a | 169.11 ± 0.76 b | 198.20 ± 20.53 a | 200.55 ± 14.59 a |
| Ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate | 1691 | B | 71 | NF | Floral, passion fruit, fruity [9] | 30.67 ± 1.30 c | 24.19 ± 0.25 d | 36.83 ± 13.36 b | 40.51 ± 2.75 a | |
| Ethyl 9-decenoate | 1705 | B | 55 | 100 [35] | Fruity [25] | 1 | 263.84 ± 3.43 b | 233.92 ± 0.41 d | 252.28 ± 0.49 c | 299.16 ± 3.1 a |
| Ethyl laurate | 1860 | A | 88 | 1500 [21] | Oily, fatty, fruity [21,25] | 1, 8 [21] | 336.58 ± 0.68 c | 269.63 ± 1.35 d | 365.95 ± 0.78 b | 399.61 ± 0.69 a |
| Ethyl tetradecanoate | 2067 | B | 88 | 2000 [35] | Mild waxy, soapy [25] | 7 | 4.29 ± 0.01 ab | 3.60 ± 0.18 b | 4.47 ± 1.36 ab | 5.27 ± 0.31 a |
| Ethyl palmitate | 2263 | B | 88 | 1500 [35] | Fatty, rancid, fruity, sweet [25] | 1, 8 | 9.11 ± 1.37 a | 5.45 ± 0.29 b | 8.03 ± 2.17 ab | 8.53 ± 1.64 ab |
| Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate | 2280 | B | 55 | NF | 5.48 ± 0.66 a | 4.45 ± 0.20 a | 6.20 ± 1.12 a | 6.05 ± 1.50 a | ||
| Ethyl cinnamate | 2141 | B | 131 | 1.1 [37] | Flowery, balsamic [37] | 2 [37] | 9.10 ± 0.06 c | 8.51 ± 0.06 d | 9.83 ± 1.21 b | 10.70 ± 0.52 a |
| acetate esters | 10,342.79 ± 71.35 bc | 8103.97 ± 50.87 c | 12,836.75 ± 2030.97 ab | 15,100.01 ± 644.26 a | ||||||
| Isobutyl acetate | 867 | A | 43 | 1600 [6] | Waxy, fruity, apple, banana [6] | 1, 7 | 389.22 ± 1.26 b | 291.36 ± 151.36 b | 532.67 ± 165.58 a | 293.97 ± 126.53 b |
| Isopentyl acetate | 1138 | A | 43 | 160 [34] | Banana [21] | 1 [21] | 9246.77 ± 64.21 bc | 7264.25 ± 3276.98 c | 11,625.75 ± 3686.05 ab | 13,500.07 ± 2032.27 a |
| Hexyl acetate | 1283 | A | 43 | 1500 [21] | Apple, cherry, pear, floral [34] | 1, 2 [21] | 114.70 ± 5.40 b | 93.30 ± 43.47 b | 140.98 ± 51.28 a | 141.71 ± 14.41 a |
| Octyl acetate | 1486 | B | 43 | NF | 119.13 ± 1.82 a | 109.02 ± 14.01 b | 121.49 ± 11.89 a | 121.08 ± 2.93 a | ||
| Benzyl acetate | 1745 | B | 108 | NF | 1.79 ± 0.01 b | 1.29 ± 0.70 c | 1.93 ± 0.70 b | 2.33 ± 0.22 a | ||
| Phenethyl acetate | 1834 | A | 104 | 1800 [8] | Fruity, rose [8] | 1, 2 [34] | 471.18 ± 1.31 b | 344.75 ± 197.22 b | 413.93 ± 214.33 b | 1040.85 ± 119.62 a |
| other esters | 697.63 ± 6.22 b | 586.07 ± 1.30 c | 700.70 ± 13.76 b | 800.10 ± 25.02 a | ||||||
| Isobutyl hexanoate | 1361 | B | 99 | NF | Sweet, fruity [33] | 95.15 ± 0.19 a | 94.50 ± 0.51 a | 104.66 ± 66.82 a | 108.60 ± 1.71 a | |
| Methyl octanoate | 1401 | A | 74 | 200 [8] | Intense citrus [34] | 1 [21] | 12.63 ± 0.54 a | 6.95 ± 0.09 b | 14.69 ± 5.92 a | 14.30 ± 4.03 a |
| Hexyl butyrate | 1424 | B | 43 | 250 | Sweety, fruity | 1 | 93.43 ± 0.01 a | 92.87 ± 0.04 a | 96.46 ± 1.11 a | 93.60 ± 0.35 a |
| Isopentyl hexanoate | 1471 | A | 70 | 1000 [34] | Pineapple, cheese [8] | 1 [34] | 23.71 ± 0.77 a | 11.27 ± 0.11 b | 24.67 ± 12.11 a | 24.08 ± 5.29 a |
| 2-Heptyl hexanoate | 1593 | B | 43 | NF | 10.93 ± 0.21 a | 6.93 ± 0.17 b | 8.62 ± 3.25 ab | 9.71 ± 0.83 ab | ||
| Methyl decanoate | 1609 | B | 74 | 1200 [34] | Waxy, soap, fruity [25] | 1, 7 | 7.00 ± 0.47 a | 4.61 ± 0.11 a | 7.27 ± 1.73 a | 6.74 ± 1.79 a |
| isoamyl caprylate | 1671 | A | 70 | 125 [8] | Sweet, fruity, cheese, cream [34] | 1, 5, 8 [34] | 21.22 ± 0.47 a | 13.42 ± 0.24 b | 22.94 ± 6.71 a | 23.70 ± 4.77 a |
| Diethyl succinate | 1687 | A | 101 | 1,200,000 [34] | Fruity, melon [8] | 1 [34] | 164.85 ± 5.53 b | 122.87 ± 1.40 c | 156.59 ± 51.74 b | 236.20 ± 4.34 a |
| Isoamyl decanoate | 1882 | A | 70 | NF | Waxy [25] | 83.01 ± 1.11 a | 75.35 ± 0.22 a | 85.94 ± 9.27 a | 88.96 ± 8.08 a | |
| Methyl salicylate | 1798 | B | 120 | 40 [25] | Mint [25] | 3 | 21.82 ± 0.03 a | 16.43 ± 0.07 a | 19.51 ± 7.69 a | 25.43 ± 1.67 a |
| Phenols | 23.09 ± 0.30 a | 19.25 ± 0.09 b | 23.32 ± 0.16 a | 24.62 ± 1.65 a | ||||||
| 4-Vinylguaiacol | 2209 | B | 150 | 1100 [6] | Smoky, bacon, phenolic [38,33] | 9 | 5.26 ± 0.03 c | 4.37 ± 0.04 d | 5.63 ± 0 b | 6.31 ± 0.03 a |
| 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | 2304 | B | 191 | 200 [35] | Phenolic [33] | 17.83 ± 0.02 b | 14.88 ± 0.05 c | 17.69 ± 0.01 b | 18.31 ± 0.07 a | |
| Benzene | 1526.42 ± 88.45 a | 1462.96 ± 0.75 a | 1479.58 ± 39.05 a | 1288.11 ± 9.77 b | ||||||
| Styrene | 1274 | A | 104 | NF | Sweet [33] | 234.19 ± 18.71 a | 160.22 ± 26.25 b | 229.02 ± 102.73 a | 229.21 ± 2.64 a | |
| Benzaldehyde | 1543 | B | 77 | 2000 [8] | Roasted, almond [8] | 4, 9 [34] | 1292.23 ± 107.32 a | 1302.74 ± 0.74 a | 1250.56 ± 162.80 ab | 1058.90 ± 24.83 b |
| Ketone | n.d. | 4.71 ± 0.29 b | 6.64 ± 0.08 b | 67.91 ± 0.04 a | ||||||
| Sulcatone | 1350 | B | 43 | NF | Citrus, green [33] | n.d. | 3.92 ± 0.08 b | n.d. | 60.49 ± 0.01 a | |
| Nonanal | 1409 | A | 57 | 15 [8] | Green, slightly pungent [34] | 3 [34] | n.d. | 0.79 ± 0.00 c | 6.64 ± 0.08 b | 7.42 ± 0.05 a |
| Terpenes | 8072.81 ± 19.46 c | 6368.65 ± 10.67 d | 9381.48 ± 30.26 a | 8886.08 ± 18.24 b | ||||||
| β-Myrcene | 1178 | A | 43 | 15 [36] | Fruity, herbal [9] | 1, 3 | 220.82 ± 2.04 c | 207.49 ± 0.58 d | 286.52 ± 3.44 b | 308.58 ± 0.87 a |
| d-Limonene | 1209 | A | 68 | 200 [8] | Flowery, green, citrus [34] | 2, 3 [34] | 6.09 ± 0.21 c | 10.81 ± 0.14 b | 5.98 ± 0.03 c | 16.25 ± 0.42 a |
| β-Ocimene | 1271 | B | 93 | NF | Floral, herb [33] | 103.62 ± 0.48 c | 97.13 ± 0.26 d | 165.63 ± 3.17 b | 191.41 ± 0.71 a | |
| Terpinolen | 1298 | A | 93 | NF | Citrus, lemon [25] | 67.36 ± 0.79 c | 65.90 ± 0.75 c | 178.61 ± 4.20 a | 143.11 ± 0.30 b | |
| Neo-allo-ocimene | 1389 | B | 121 | NF | 38.23 ± 0.28 c | 36.47 ± 0.13 c | 59.77 ± 0.03 b | 92.55 ± 1.62 a | ||
| 4-Terpineol | 1616 | A | 71 | 40-110 [35] | Earth, musty [33] | 6 | 35.76 ± 0.11 c | 28.66 ± 0.69 d | 42.95 ± 0.35 b | 45.03 ± 0.43 a |
| α-Terpineol | 1710 | A | 59 | 250 [34] | Lilac, floral, sweet [8] | 2, 5 [34] | 1862.68 ± 0.79 c | 1520.89 ± 9.80 d | 2469.29 ± 11.10 a | 2078.17 ± 4.18 b |
| Linalool | 1555 | A | 71 | 25 [8] | Floral, musk [21] | 2, 5 [21] | 4658.75 ± 10.61 c | 3574.84 ± 3.84 d | 5121.81 ± 15.30 b | 5199.80 ± 15.55 a |
| Citronellol | 1779 | A | 69 | 100 [21] | Rose [8] | 2 [8] | 529.80 ± 5.96 b | 348.28 ± 0.83 c | 553.72 ± 5.94 a | 267.34 ± 3.31 d |
| Nerol | 1814 | A | 69 | 500 [34] | Violets, floral [34] | 2 [21] | 178.44 ± 1.76 c | 137.47 ± 0.12 d | 201.89 ± 4.13 b | 219.53 ± 1.58 a |
| Nerolidol | 1483 | A | 55 | 700 [38] | Rose, apple, green, citrus [38] | 1, 2 | 96.67 ± 0.30 a | 94.97 ± 0.11 b | 96.26 ± 0.19 a | 96.97 ± 0.25 a |
| Geranyl acetone | 1871 | B | 43 | 60 [8] | Floral [8] | 2 [34] | 201.33 ± 2.46 a | 181.77 ± 1.65 b | 126.90 ± 0.73 d | 153.31 ± 2.69 c |
| cis-Rose oxide | 1355 | A | 139 | 0.2 [34] | Lychee [34] | 2 [21] | 3.96 ± 0.01 a | 3.41 ± 0.01 c | 3.64 ± 0.02 b | 4.00 ± 0.05 a |
| trans-Rose oxide | 1372 | A | 139 | 0.2 [21] | Lychee [21] | 2 [21] | 2.34 ± 0.01 a | 2.21 ± 0.01 c | 2.37 ± 0.01 a | 2.28 ± 0.00 b |
| Geraniol | 1859 | A | 69 | 20 [21] | Citric, geranium, passion fruit [8,9] | 2 [21] | 64.91 ± 0.68 ab | 56.46 ± 0.30 c | 63.90 ± 0.25 b | 65.45 ± 0.21 a |
| cis-furan linalool oxide | 1452 | A | 59 | 500 [25] | Rose, wood [25] | 2 | 1.05 ± 0.01 c | 0.99 ± 0.00 d | 1.16 ± 0.01 b | 1.19 ± 0.00 a |
| trans-furan linalool oxide | 1483 | A | 59 | 500 [35] | Rose, wood [25] | 2 | 1.00 ± 0.01 b | 0.90 ± 0.01 c | 1.08 ± 0.01 a | 1.11 ± 0.00 a |
| Norisoprenoids | 1305.18 ± 29.62 a | 1012.91 ± 3.41 c | 1243.59 ± 5.89 b | 1384.59 ± 46.73 a | ||||||
| β-Damascone | 1835 | A | 69 | 0.14 [8] | Sweet, exotic flowers, stewed [21] | 1, 2, 5 [21] | 3.91 ± 0.00 b | 3.70 ± 0.05 b | 4.26 ± 0.12 a | 4.20 ± 0.05 a |
| α-Ionone | 1859 | B | 121 | 2.6 [21] | Sweet fruit [21] | 1 [21] | 23.80 ± 0.37 a | 18.16 ± 0.11 b | 24.86 ± 1.63 a | 24.08 ± 0.19 a |
| β-Ionone | 1956 | A | 177 | 0.09 [21] | Rose, violet [34] | 2 [37] | 785.67 ± 28.06 b | 640.02 ± 2.49 c | 739.73 ± 2.93 b | 901.39 ± 48.85 a |
| TDN g | 1765 | B | 157 | 20 [25] | Pleasant, flowery, petrol [25] | 2,7 | 36.38 ± 0.82 b | 30.59 ± 0.09 c | 33.5 ± 1.5 bc | 41.09 ± 1.94 a |
| Edulan I | 1627 | B | 177 | NF | 389.16 ± 0.65 a | 271.43 ± 0.25 d | 375.15 ± 1.84 b | 351.25 ± 1.90 c | ||
| Edulan II | 1501 | B | 177 | NF | 66.26 ± 0.20 a | 49.01 ± 0.22 c | 66.09 ± 0.61 a | 62.58 ± 0.16 b | ||
| Furan | 262.05 ± 17.98 b | 194.59 ± 12.77 c | 277.42 ± 124.76 b | 350.99 ± 5.30 a | ||||||
| 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran | 2356 | B | 120 | NF | 262.05 ± 17.98 b | 194.59 ± 12.77 c | 277.42 ± 124.76 b | 350.99 ± 5.30 a | ||
| other components | 38.40 ± 13.66 a | 30.10 ± 5.60 a | 46.60 ± 20.08 a | 23.58 ± 3.31 a | ||||||
| Butyrolactone | 1645 | B | 42 | 2000 [21] | Sweet, fruity, toasty, caramel [21] | 1, 5, 9 [21] | 38.40 ± 13.66 a | 30.10 ± 5.60 a | 46.60 ± 20.08 a | 23.58 ± 3.31 a |
a Retention indices on HP-Innowax column. b Identification of the compounds: ‘A’ means identified by mass spectrum and RI agree with standards, ‘B’ means tentatively identified by mass spectrum, agrees with the mass spectral database and RI agrees with literature. c Quantitative ion. d 1 = fruity, 2 = floral, 3 = herbaceous (or vegetal), 4 = nutty, 5 = caramel, 6 = earthy, 7 = chemical, 8 = fatty, 9 = roasted. e NF: not found. f Ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate. g Dehydro-ar-ionene. Data are the mean ± standard deviation of duplicate tests. ‘n.d.’: not detected. Different letters indicate significant differences among the results at a significant level of 0.05. Bold indicates the significant contribution of the compound to aroma (OAV > 1). Odor descriptors and reported odor threshold mentioned in the listed literatures [8] (Ouyang et al., 2017); [9] (Hui et al., 2010); [21] (Cai et al., 2014); [25] (Wang et al., 2017); [35] (Tao et al.,2010); [34] (Liu et al., 2018); [38] (Peng et al., 2013); [36] (Pino et al., 2011); [37] (Yuan et al., 2016); [33]. Descriptors were retrieved from http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com (accessed on 13 August 2018).