Table 2.

Therapeutic intervention for mtDNA in different kidney models.

Therapeutic Interventions	Models	Main Effects on mtDNA and Mitochondrial Function	Reference
Fluorofenidone	UUO and IRI	Increased mtDNA copy number Increased TFAM and PGC-1α expression Maintained mitochondrial structure Reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress	[90]
l-carnitine	DKD	Decreased circulating mtDNA content Reduced mtROS production Suppressed inflammation	[124]
Sacubitril/valsartan	DKD	Albuminuria Inhibited cGAS-STING signaling Decreased oxidative response	[126]
Coenzyme Q10	IRI	Alleviated mtDNA damage Suppressed inflammatory and oxidative responses	[127]
Treprostinil	IRI	Increased mtDNA copy number Increased PGC-1α expression	[128]
		Increased ATP level
		Reduced mitochondrial oxidative injury
Roxadustat	IRI	Increased ATPβ and PPARγ expression, and mtDNA	[129]
		Alleviated DNA damage
Celastrol	Cisplatin-induced AKI	Increased mtDNA copy number Increased MMP Restored OXPHOS activity	[130]
H151	Cisplatin-induced AKI	Restored mtDNA content Reversed mitochondrial gene expression Suppressed inflammation	[131]
Adiponectin	DKD	Increased mtDNA content Increased TFAM and PGC-1α expression Increased mitochondrial mass Increased MMP	[132]
Salidroside	DKD	Increased mtDNA copy number Enhanced ETC proteins Increased PGC-1α expression	[133]
Artemether	Adriamycin nephropathy	Restored redox imbalance Increased mtDNA copy number	[134]
		Improved mitochondrial function

Abbreviations: UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α; ATPβ, ATPase β subunit; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; mtROS, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; STING, stimulator of interferon genes.